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As the demand for edible oil continues to soar, rapeseed cultivation remains pivotal for sustainable and efficient oil production, catering to the nutritional needs of a burgeoning population. Given the substantial impact of environmental stress on plant productivity, this study aimed to explore the in vitro responses of calli-derived hypocotyls from five Brassica napus genotypes under varying concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%). The objective was to assess various growth and physiological parameters, including Callus Growth Rate (CGR), Relative Water Content (RWC), Index of Tolerance (INTOL), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), and Proline Content (PC). Results unveiled a significant surge in proline content with increasing levels of PEG, with the highest accumulation observed at 40% PEG concentration. These findings suggest that heightened osmotic stress induced by PEG led to a notable rise in proline accumulation in calli-derived hypocotyls. Furthermore, elevated levels of PEG-induced osmotic stress adversely impacted growth parameters such as RWC, RGR, and CGR. Notably, genotypes Geronimo and Arc5 exhibited enhanced drought resistance in in vitro environments compared to other genotypes. These particular genotypes showcased greater resilience and adaptability to PEG-induced osmotic stress, as evidenced by significantly higher measurements of relative water content (RWC), relative growth rate (RGR), and Callus Growth Rate (CGR). Physiological indices like Relative Water Content (RWC), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), and Callus Growth Rate (CGR) offer valuable insights into a plant's response to environmental stresses like water scarcity. This selection process is crucial for developing more resistant plant varieties that thrive even in challenging environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water stress is one of the most important limiting abiotic factors for crop plants. The drought resistance was investigated for 35 camelina doubled haploid lines along with a check cultivar (Sohail), under two irrigation conditions (supplementary irrigation and rainfed), during the crop year 2020-2021. The study was conducted in the randomized complete block design by three replications in three regions of Eslamabad-e Gharb, Mahidasht and Mehrgan. The indices of stress sensitivity (SSI), tolerance (Tol), drought resistance (DTI), mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (MH), yield stability (YSI) and drought resistance (DI) were calculated using seed yield in two environments of rainfed (Ys) and supplementary irrigation (Yp). There was a significant difference among regions for YS, Yp, MP, GMP, MH, and DTI indices. MP, GMP, MH, DTI and DI indices had significant correlations with two environments. According to MH, MP and GMP, the highest and the lowest drought resistance were observed in the Mehrgan region and Islamabad region, respectively. Mahidasht showed the highest value of drought resistance and Mehrgan showed the lowest value of drought resistance among the lines based on DTI. In addition, the results of the mean comparison, cluster analysis, principal components analysis and the three-dimensional scatter diagram of the lines based on the yield of two environments and the MP index showed that lines 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 7 and the check cultivar had more drought resistant. These lines had high seed yield in two contrast environments and showed more drought resistance, which is recommendable for breeding programs in the climatic conditions of Kermanshah province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromagnetic waves are one of the tensions around agricultural plants, which have recently been widely used due to the development of telecommunication technology. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during the years 2020-2021 at the Research Farm of Tarbiat Modares University to investigate the effect of WiFi electromagnetic wave (WEW) on the seed germination and growth characteristics of camelina. Seeds were exposed to Wi-Fi electromagnetic radiation at 15 cm (ER 15) and 25 cm (ER 25) cm from the modem for 24 hours (Pre-sowing treatment). The results showed that the germination percentage of seeds treated with WEW decreased by 24%. and this decrease was observed among growth factors such as hypocotyl length (20-43%), number of siliques per plant (56%), thousand seed weight (43%). Conversely, the root length, plant height, seed per silique and dry plant weight were increased by 24.6, 60.9, 10.5 and 56.3% under WEW treatment, respectively. Overall, this study showed that grain yield was greatly affected by electromagnetic waves and increased by about 23.45%. In general, among all the growth parameters, the correlation of the GY was positive and significant with DPW (r=0.735*), PH (r=0.669*) and SPS (r=0.659*). This result highlights the necessity for a better understanding of the mechanisms of electromagnetic waves in crops to help better seedling establishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medicinal-oil plant Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz belongs to the Brassicaceae family. Various experiments have shown that the plant has much fewer water requirements and more resistance to spring cold than other oilseeds, especially Rapeseed. In this study, 136 camelina double haploid lines from anther culture progeny (F1) of crosses of 27 selected parents from different countries were generated. After ensuring that the lines were double haploid, biochemical markers were used to investigate genetic diversity. In the biochemical markers section, grain oil content, grain protein and type of fatty acids were measured. The experiment was carried out based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. To determine fatty acids using chromatography, 18 types of fatty acids were identified in camelina seed oil. Genetic parameters including phenotypic and genotypic variation coefficients, heritability and genetic advance were estimated. In this study, the highest phenotypic and genotypic variation in fatty acids (C14:0-C16:1) were estimated. Also, the highest general heritability for fatty acids (96.49% for C20:0, 98.92% for C20:2 and 98.59% for C20:3) were assessed. In this reserach, two lines with values of 35.81-36.67% linolenic acid and four lines with values between 22.08-23% of linoleic acid were identified. Also, the ratio of omega 6 to omega 3 ranged between 0.479 0 and 0.759. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the realm of agriculture and natural resources, medicinal plants stand out as a valuable resource. In recent years, faced with challenges such as predicting climate changes, soil classification, land use, and identifying patterns, there is a growing need for optimal techniques with higher efficiency, particularly in the cultivation of medicinal plants. Therefore, this article introduces the application of data mining to analyze available data in the agriculture and natural resources areas, focusing specifically on the medicinal plant industry. The primary objective is to explore data mining techniques that can enhance various aspects of medicinal plant cultivation, addressing challenges related to climate predictions, soil classification, and optimizing production. The article concludes by presenting the most effective data analysis methods in this domain, accompanied by their corresponding algorithms. Additionally, the aforementioned research is a guide for those intending to investigate the applications of data mining methods are highlighted for increased productivity, encompassing areas such as predicting crop yield, forecasting weather conditions, rainfall patterns, seed and plant conditions, soil quality, and medicinal plant production. The summarization and analysis of the outcome indicated that implementing AI could improve the design and process engineering strategies in bioprocessing fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camelina (Camelina Sativa) is a hexaploid dicotyledonous plant from the Brassicaceae family, which is very similar to the Arabidopsis. The number of camelina chromosomes is 40=2n. WRKY transcription factors are one of the most important gene families in plants that play an important role in regulating growth and development and response to various stresses. In this research, 224 WRKY genes were identified in the camelina plant by searching the database, and the chromosomal position, gene length, and conserved motifs were identified in the camelina plant based on the Arabidopsis. Also, in this study, in order to validate the research, 2 genes WRKY8 and WRKY57 under drought stress were investigated by the qPCR method. The results indicated that both the above-mentioned genes were strongly expressed under drought stress conditions in tolerant varieties compared to normal conditions, but the trend was opposite in sensitive varieties. This study has provided acceptable and valuable information for studying the evolution and function of the WRKY gene family in camelina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to electromagnetic radiation (ER) in the radio frequency is one of the most common and rapidly growing environmental factors affecting human. Therefore, given the increasing global growth of telecommunication towers and Wi-Fi waves, understanding the potential of positive or negative effects of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves (WEW) on the quality and quantity parameters of plants is essential. An experiment was carried out during the years 2020-2021 at the Research Farm of Tarbiat Modares University to investigate the effect of WEW on grain yield, fatty acid composition (FA), oil content, and antioxidant properties of camelina. Seeds were subjected to Wi-Fi electromagnetic radiation at distances of 15 cm (ER15) and 25 cm (ER25) from the modem for 24 h. The results showed that electromagnetic waves significantly affected grain yield, increasing it by approximately 23.45%. Additionally, the amount of oil and protein, crucial components of camelina seeds, exhibited a respective increase of 6.91% and decrease of 2.9% under Wi-Fi radiation conditions. Total tocopherol decreased by 6.39%, while ß-T remained unaffected by Wi-Fi radiation. Furthermore, the quantity of sterols (brassicasterol, cholesterol, and campesterol) decreased significantly due to Wi-Fi radiation. Based on the fatty acid profile responses, the maximum content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (SPUFA) was obtained in ER15 treatment, representing an increase of approximately 1.62%. Consequently, these waves resulted in a decrease in saturated fatty acids (SSFA) and erucic acid, thereby increasing the quality of camelina oil. In conclusion, WEW pretreatment has potential to increase grain yield, oil percentage, and quality of camelina oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIron and zinc are essential for plant and human health. Biofortification is crucial for improving crop performance. We studied how biofortification of iron and zinc to flaxseed affected its yield, fatty acid composition, and antioxidant capacity in soil water and nutrient deficiency conditions. We tested nutritional impacts of iron and zinc (0, 4, and 8 g l−1) during the onset of stem elongation (VS) and flowering (RS) within two distinct environments (well-watered (WW) and after-anthesis water deficit (WD), and their interactions, on yield and fatty acid composition of flaxseed in 2018 and 2019 in Kermanshah, Iran. Based on the results in WW, seed, oil, protein, and mucilage yield were 1756, 646, 285, and 131 kg ha−1, and WD reduced seed and oil yield by 24, 33, and significantly increased saturated fatty acids, total phenol, and zinc in the seeds. In WW and WD, iron and zinc fortification significantly increased seed, oil, and protein yield, total phenol, unsaturated fatty acids and iron and zinc in the seeds. Path analysis showed that the number of seed capsule−1 and capsule plant−1 in the WW and WD, respectively, had the most direct and positive impact on seed, oil, mucilage, and protein yield. These findings suggest that oil yield was more sensitive to WD compared to seed, mucilage, and protein yield, and application of iron and zinc can boost the oil quantity and quality, iron, zinc content, and antioxidant capacity by minimizing the harmful impacts of WD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has emphasized the development of efficient drug delivery systems to facilitate the delivery of biological compounds such as polyphenols via skin absorption. Phytozomes have been employed as carriers of plant compounds in this context Hydrogen bonding between plant polyphenols and the phospholipid phosphate group enables efficient encapsulation of potent compounds for enhanced drug delivery systems. Additionally, the strong affinity of phytosomes for the skin's phospholipids enhances skin absorption. In this study, phytosomes were initially formulated using the thin-layer hydration method After optimizing the synthetic parameters, phytosomes were loaded with Resveratrol and Quercetin for enhanced delivery and skin absorption potential to assess the characteristics of the synthesized phytosomes, tests were conducted to determine particle distribution and size, zeta potential, and examine the microstructure morphology using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Furthermore, a siloxane gel base was formulated in this study, and the stability of the physicochemical and biological properties of the final prepared nanoformulation was investigated. The results of this study indicated that the formulated phytosomes exhibit optimal characteristics for facilitating high skin penetration of resveratrol and quercetin. A high skin absorption was observed after 60 days of synthesis. Additionally, the base of the siloxane gel can play a significant role in preventing the formation of scars by reducing the passage of water vapor.

Recently, nanocarriers have been utilized for encapsulating and sustained release of agrochemicals specifically auxins. Due to their potential applications such as increased bioavailability and improved crop yield and nutritional quality. Herein, the efficacy of alginate/chitosan nanocapsules as a nanocarrier for the hormone indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) loading and its effect on rooting tobacco plants has been carried out in the present study. The average particle size of IBA-alginate/chitosan nanocapsules was measured by Dynamic light scattering analysis at 321 nm. Scanning electron microscope studies revealed the spherical shape of nanoparticles with an average size of 97 nm. The average particle size of IBA-alginate/chitosan nanocapsules was measured by Dynamic light scattering analysis at 321 nm. The characteristic peaks of IBA on alginate/chitosan nanocapsules were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. Also, high efficiency (35%) of IBA hormone loading was observed. The findings indicated that the concentration of 3 mgL-1 of IBA-alginate/chitosan nanocapsules has the highest efficiency in increasing the rooting in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants compared to other treatments. According to our results, we can introduce alginate/chitosan nanocapsules as an efficient nanocarrier in IBA hormone transfer applications and their use in agriculture.

Oil seeds now make up the world's second-largest food source after cereals. In recent years, the medicinal- oil plant Camelina sativa has attracted much attention for its high levels of unsaturated fatty acids and low levels of saturated fatty acids as well as its resistance to abiotic stresses. Improvement of oil quality is considered an important trait in this plant. Erucic acid is one of the fatty acids affecting the quality of camelina oil. Altering the fatty acid composition in camelina oil through genetic manipulation requires the identification, isolation, and cloning of genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. The Fatty Acid Elongase 1 (FAE1) gene encodes the enzyme β-ketoacyl CoA synthase (KCS), a crucial enzyme in the biosynthesis of erucic acid. In this study, the isolation and cloning of the FAE1 gene from Camelina sativa were conducted to construct an antisense structure. The molecular homology modeling of DFAE1 proteins using the SWISS-MODEL server on ExPASy led to the generation of the 3D structures of FAE1 and DFAE1 proteins. The GMQE values of 0.44 for FAE1 and 0.08 for DFAE1 suggest high accuracy in the structural estimation of these genes. The fragments were isolated from the DNA source of the genomic Soheil cultivar with an erucic acid content of about 3% (in matured seeds) using PCR. After cloning the FAE1 gene into the Bluescript II SK+ vector and sequencing, the resulting fragments were utilized to construct the antisense structure in the pBI121 plant expression vector. The approved antisense structure was introduced into the Camelina plant using the Agrobacterium-mediated method, with optimization of tissue culture and gene transfer conditions. This approach holds potential to advance our knowledge of fat biosynthesis, leading to potential improvements in oil quality in Camelina sativa.

The present study aimed to identify and characterize new sources of salt tolerance among 94 rice varieties from varied geographic origins. The genotypes were divided into five groups based on their morphological characteristics at both vegetative and reproductive stages using salinity scores from the Standard Evaluation System (SES). The experiment was designed as per CRD (Completely Randomized Design) with 2 sets of salinity treatments for 8 dS/meter and 12 dS/meter, respectively compared with one non-salinized control set. Using a Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) meter, assessments of the apparent chlorophyll content (greenness) of the genotypes were done to comprehend the mechanism underlying their salt tolerance.  To evaluate molecular genetic diversity, a panel of 1 K RiCA SNP markers was employed. Utilizing TASSEL 5.0 software, 598 filtered SNPs were used for molecular analysis. Whole-genome association studies (GWAS) were also used to investigate panicle number per plant (pn, tiller number per plant (till), SPAD value (spad), sterility (percent) (str), plant height (ph) and panicle length (pl. It is noteworthy that these characteristics oversee conveying the visible signs of salt damage in rice. Based on genotype data, diversity analysis divided the germplasm groups into four distinct clusters (I, II, III and IV). For the traits studied, thirteen significant marker-trait associations were discovered. According to the phenotypic screening, seven germplasm genotypes namely Koijuri, Asha, Kajal, Kaliboro, Hanumanjata, Akundi and Dular, are highly tolerant to salinity stress. The greenness of these genotypes was found to be more stable over time, indicating that these genotypes are more resistant to stress. Regarding their tolerance levels, the GWAS analysis produced comparable results, supporting that salinity-tolerant genotypes having minor alleles in significant SNP positions showed more greenness during the stress period. The Manhattan plot demonstrated that at the designated significant SNP position, the highly tolerant genotypes shared common alleles. These genotypes could therefore be seen as important genomic resources for accelerating the development and release of rice varieties that are tolerant to salinity.