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The increasing global energy demand and the depletion of conventional fossil fuel supplies, coupled with greenhouse gas emissions from excessive fossil fuel use, open the door for consideration of renewable energy sources. Among these, biodiesel has arisen as a sustainable and feasible alternative, providing environmental and economic advantages by reducing dependence on finite fossil fuel resources. This study focuses on biodiesel production from Madhuca indica seed oil using three catalysts: HCl, KOH, and dolomite. The optimum reaction parameters were methanol:oil molar ratio 20:1, catalyst weight percentage 5% and reaction temperature 60 °C. The reaction duration for each catalyst was 20 h for acid-catalyzed (HCl) process, 2 h for alkali-catalyzed (KOH) process, and 10 h for dolomite-based reaction. The biodiesel yields for acid, alkali, and dolomite catalysts are 94%, 96%, and 93%, respectively. According to the techno-economic study conducted with Aspen Plus, the payback periods for transesterification based on acid, alkali, and dolomite would be 3.66, 5.42, and 2.96 years, respectively. These results demonstrate the economic viability of dolomite as a green catalyst with competitive biodiesel yields and the shortest payback period., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable (manuscript does not report on or involve the use of any animal or human data or tissue). Ethical responsibilities: I wish to state that all the authors mutually agree that it should be submitted to Environmental Science and Pollution Research. I wish to state that the present work is the original work of the authors. I wish to state that the manuscript was not previously submitted to Environmental Science and Pollution Research. Results were presented clearly, honestly, and without fabrication, falsification, or inappropriate data manipulation. Authors adhere to discipline-specific rules for acquiring, selecting, and processing data. Consent for publication: All authors agreed to publish their data prior in Environmental Science and Pollution Research and have not submitted the data in any form to any journal. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)