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Background: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide and its prevalence is expected to continue to increase in the coming years. Myocardial infarction is the largest and most dangerous manifestation of CHD, including in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). However, early therapy of STEMI cannot prevent the risk of myocardium reinfarction. Reinfarction post-STEMI reperfusion therapy has poor consequences and prognosis. Therefore, prevention of myocardial reinfarction is important. Objectives: The author has an innovation to use Lumbrokinase from Lumbricus rubellus extract in an oral dosage form as an alternative therapy to prevent reinfarction after reperfusion therapy in STEMI. Methods: Our article reviews the effect of lumbrokinase in preventing myocardial reinfarction using a non-systematic review method. Results and Discussion: Lumbrokinase can prevent myocardial reinfarction by several mechanisms, including its thrombolytic effect by activating plasminogen and degrading fibrin, its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and can prevent further myocardial apoptosis. Lumbrokinase can prevent apoptosis by increasing the activity of Silent Information Regulator 1 (Sirt1) and decreasing the pro-caspase-3 pathway. Lumbrokinase can prevent further inflammation by reducing levels of Nuclear Factor kappa-B (NF-kB) and the Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway, as well as preventing oxidative damage by deacetylating Forkhead Box-O (FoxO). The effect of Lumbrokinase plays an important role in preventing myocardial reinfarction. Oral lumbrokinase is made in capsule form. Conclusion: Oral lumbrokinase can potentially prevent myocardial reinfarction post-reperfusion in STEMI patients. Keyword: Lumbricus rubellus, Lumbrokinase, Myocardial reinfarction, Post-reperfusion STEMI Latar Belakang: Penyakit Jantung Koroner (PJK) merupakan penyebab utama kematian dan kecacatan di seluruh dunia dan prevalensinya diperkirakan akan terus meningkat di tahun mendatang. Tingginya angka mortalitas PJK, maka PJK menjadi penyakit yang patut diwaspadai, terutama untuk negara-negara berkembang. Infark miokardium adalah manifestasi terbesar dan paling berbahaya dari PJK, termasuk STEMI. Namun, terapi awal dari STEMI tidak dapat mencegah resiko reinfark. Reinfark yang terjadi setelah terapi reperfusi memiliki konsekuensi dan prognosis yang buruk. Oleh karena itu, pencegahan reinfark miokardium setelah terapi STEMI menjadi penting. Tujuan: Penulis memiliki inovasi untuk menggunakan Lumbrokinase dari ekstrak Lumbricus rubellus dalam bentuk sediaan oral sebagai upaya terapi alternatif pencegahan reinfark setelah terapi reperfusi pada STEMI. Metode: Tinjauan pustaka ini bertujuan untuk meninjau efek dari lumbrokinase dalam mencegah reinfark miokardium setelah terapi STEMI dengan menggunakan metode non-systematic review. Pembahasan: Lumbrokinase dapat mencegah reinfark miokardium dengan beberapa mekanisme, termasuk efek trombolitiknya dengan mengaktivasi plasminogen dan mendegradasi fibrin, efek anti inflamasi dan anti oksidannya, serta dapat mencegah apoptosis miokardium lanjutan. Lumbrokinase dapat mencegah terjadinya apoptosis dengan meningkatkan aktivitas silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1) dan menurunkan jalur pro-caspase-3. Lumbrokinase juga dapat mencegah inflamasi lanjutan dengan menurunkan level nuclear factor kappa B (NF-Kb) dan jalur toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), serta mencegah kerusakan oksidatif dengan deasetilasi Forkhead Box O (FoxO). Efek dari Lumbokinase tersebut berperan penting dalam pencegahan reinfark miokardium setelah terapi STEMI. Penggunaan lumbrokinase secara oral dibuat dalam bentuk kapsul. Kesimpulan: Lumbrokinase oral memiliki potensi dalam mencegah reinfark miokardium setelah terapi reperfusi pada STEMI. Kata Kunci: Lumbricus rubellus, Lumbrokinase, Reinfark miokardium, STEMI pasca reperfusi

The composition of paper cups creates a challenge for the recycling industry, as the paperboard--plastic film composite is hard to separate. Therefore, paper cups are sent to landfills or waste incinerators. This study explores the combined use of red worms (Eisenia fetida) and Greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) in the biodegradation of paper cups. The study investigates the conditions and combinations that promote using Eisenia fetida and Galleria mellonella for degrading paper cups. The study considered the influence of environmental temperature, the presence of food waste, varying the number of Eisenia fetida worms, and the presence of a Galleria mellonella growth-slowing agent on the degradation process. To achieve the study objectives, the study followed a quantitative approach. The study monitored the degradation of paper cup cuts that were placed in jars containing different combinations of Eisenia fetida worms, Galleria mellonella larvae, food waste, bedding material, and Galleria mellonella growth-slowing agents. The study found that the best operating temperature is 30°C. The study found that using food waste improves the performance of Eisenia fetida worms and Galleria mellonella larvae significantly. The study found that adding a Galleria mellonella growth-slowing agent slightly enhances the degradation of the paper cup. Finally, a numerical model was obtained to simulate the paper cup degradation efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Palm oil mill effluent and palm press fiber are problematic wastes generated by the palm oil mill industries in Malaysia. This study has endeavored to assess the possibility of the vermicomposting of residue from the palm oil mills using epigeic earthworms Lumbricus rubellus under laboratory conditions. The study was conducted over 50 days using four combinations in three replicates of each treatment as palm oil mill effluent: palm press fiber in 50:50 ratio (T1), palm oil mill effluent/palm press fiber/cow dung in 50:25:25 ratio (T2), palm oil mill effluent/palm press fiber/cow dung/lawn clipping in 50:20:15:15 ratio (T3), and only palm press fiber (T4). Twenty healthy adult L. rubellus with average weight of 3.92 g was introduced. Results: Results showed that T3 has a significant decrease in C/N ratio (14.81 ± 0.07) compared to the other treatments. The presence of cow dung and lawn clipping in the mixtures makes it more suitable for vermicomposting process as early compost productions were recorded in T2 and T3. Conclusion: The study showed that the major polluting problem in palm oil mills can be tackled through vermicomposting technique. Based on the results, vermicompost is found suitable for agriculture purposes as an organic fertilizer as well as soil conditioner.