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This paper estimates the acute effect of community-level homicides on early childhood language development and explores the moderating role of maternal efficacy and satisfaction in Chile. It uses data from the 2017 wave of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey of Chilean Children (N = 1194, M[subscript age]: 52.8 months, 52% girls). Children in municipalities with homicides 1 month before the Peabody Picture Vocabulary assessment scored between 0.18 and 0.41 SDs lower compared to children in the same municipality but for whom homicides happened after the assessment. On average, higher maternal satisfaction appears to have a protective effect, though it dissipates in the most violent municipalities. Evidence that higher maternal efficacy protects children from the negative effects of violence is inconclusive.

BackgroundThis systematic review examined the existing literature to determine the evidence supporting the efficacy of online group treatments for anxiety-, obsessive-compulsive- and trauma-related disorders (AOTDs).MethodsA systematic review using the PUBMED, PsycInfo, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials databases with no language, date, or study design filters was performed. The inclusion criteria comprised studies that examined individuals who had received a formal diagnosis of AOTDs, were aged 18 years or older, and had baseline and endpoint assessments of symptom severity using formal tools.ResultsFive studies on social anxiety disorder (SAD), four on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and one on tic disorders (TDs) were found. The studies were open-label (n = 2) and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (n = 8), with five of the RCTs being non-inferiority trials. Most studies were conducted in the US and investigated psychological CBT based interventions via internet-based therapies (IBT: n = 4), video teleconferencing (VTC: n = 5) or a combination of both (n = 1). In SAD, IBT studies associated with a clinician assisted web-based forum (here termed “forum-enhanced” studies) were superior to waiting lists and not inferior to similar versions that were also “forum enhanced” but self-guided, “telephone enhanced” by a contact with a non-specialist, and “email enhanced” by a contact with a clinician individually. Studies involving VTC have shown comparable effectiveness to in-person interventions across some online group CBT based treatments for PTSD. Two open trials also demonstrated symptoms reductions of social anxiety and tics through VTC.ConclusionThere is evidence supporting the effectiveness of online group treatments for SAD and PTSD. Further studies from different research groups may be needed to replicate the use of these and other forms of online treatments in individuals with SAD, PTSD, and other clinical populations, such as OCD, panic disorder, agoraphobia and specific phobias.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42023408491.

This paper estimates the effect of charter schools on the diversity of nearby traditional public schools (TPSs) and neighborhoods in New York City. We employ a difference-in-differences approach that exploits the variation in the expansion of the charter sector between grades in the same school. This approach allows us to isolate the effect of charter schools from other neighborhood demographic changes. Our results show small positive effects of charter school expansion on TPS diversity as measured by the entropy score. This change is explained by small increases in the number of White students attending nearby TPSs and larger reductions in the number of Black and Hispanic students in these schools. We also find descriptive evidence that while both neighborhoods and TPSs are slightly more diverse following charter school expansion, schools are changing faster than their surrounding neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research summary Policy implications In 2012, Chicago closed half of its public mental health clinics, which provide services to those in need regardless of their insurance status or ability to pay. Critics of the closures argued that they would result in service shortages and divert untreated patients to the criminal justice system. We explore this claim by examining whether and to what extent the closures increased criminal justice contact. Using a difference‐in‐differences framework, we compare arrests and mental health transports in block groups located within a half mile of clinics that closed to those equidistant from clinics that remained open. While we find evidence that police‐initiated mental health transports increased following the closures, we do not observe similar changes in arrests.Chicago's mental health clinic closures remain a contentious issue to this day. Our results suggest that the shuttered clinics were meeting a need that, when left unmet, created conditions for mental health emergencies. While the closures do not appear to have routed untreated patients to the county jail, they increased police contact and, subsequently, transportation to less specialized emergency care facilities. Our findings demonstrate the need to strengthen health care access, crisis prevention, and the mental health safety net to preclude police from acting as mental health responders of last resort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the acute effect of community‐level homicides on early childhood language development and explores the moderating role of maternal efficacy and satisfaction in Chile. It uses data from the 2017 wave of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey of Chilean Children (N = 1194, Mage: 52.8 months, 52% girls). Children in municipalities with homicides 1 month before the Peabody Picture Vocabulary assessment scored between 0.18 and 0.41 SDs lower compared to children in the same municipality but for whom homicides happened after the assessment. On average, higher maternal satisfaction appears to have a protective effect, though it dissipates in the most violent municipalities. Evidence that higher maternal efficacy protects children from the negative effects of violence is inconclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feeding and habitat habits of 12 gomphotheres Cuvieronius hyodon from the Pleistocene of Costa Rica were inferred using carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios of tooth enamel. The results indicate that these animals fed mainly on C3 plants and lived in forested areas and those specimens that lived in high altitudes and latitudes consumed more C3 plants compared to those that lived in low areas or low latitudes. This indicates that, in Costa Rica, the gomphotheres were specialists in the consumption of this type of plants, similar to that shown in some specimens from North and South America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: This systematic review examined the existing literature to determine the evidence supporting the efficacy of online group treatments for anxiety-, obsessive-compulsive- and trauma-related disorders (AOTDs). Methods: A systematic review using the PUBMED, PsycInfo, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials databases with no language, date, or study design filters was performed. The inclusion criteria comprised studies that examined individuals who had received a formal diagnosis of AOTDs, were aged 18 years or older, and had baseline and endpoint assessments of symptom severity using formal tools. Results: Five studies on social anxiety disorder (SAD), four on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and one on tic disorders (TDs) were found. The studies were open-label (n = 2) and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (n = 8), with five of the RCTs being non-inferiority trials. Most studies were conducted in the US and investigated psychological CBT based interventions via internet-based therapies (IBT: n = 4), video teleconferencing (VTC: n = 5) or a combination of both (n = 1). In SAD, IBT studies associated with a clinician assisted web-based forum (here termed "forum-enhanced" studies) were superior to waiting lists and not inferior to similar versions that were also "forum enhanced" but self-guided, "telephone enhanced" by a contact with a non-specialist, and "email enhanced" by a contact with a clinician individually. Studies involving VTC have shown comparable effectiveness to in-person interventions across some online group CBT based treatments for PTSD. Two open trials also demonstrated symptoms reductions of social anxiety and tics through VTC. Conclusion: There is evidence supporting the effectiveness of online group treatments for SAD and PTSD. Further studies from different research groups may be needed to replicate the use of these and other forms of online treatments in individuals with SAD, PTSD, and other clinical populations, such as OCD, panic disorder, agoraphobia and specific phobias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This embedded mixed method research study examined the pre-service teachers' (PST) technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) towards their readiness and self-efficacy considering their foresight challenges in online Science teaching internship. It is revealed that PSTs have adequate levels of expertise in TPACK, ranging from moderate to ample in all areas, interconnected with their reflected moderate levels of readiness and self-efficacy. The results of partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) showed that out of all areas of TPACK, only the pedagogical knowledge (PK) manifested a significant relationship with the PSTs' readiness and self-efficacy in the online teaching internship. PSTs were challenged by their issues, uncertainties toward teaching training, complicated roles of teacher interns, concerns on TPACK, and external threats. In conclusion, the PSTs are proficient and prepared enough to perform an upright Science lesson delivery and have excellent classroom management skills, albeit with some challenges as teachers in online education. Moreover, a pre-service science teacher who is well-oriented and well-prepared is already on the journey to meet accomplishment and proficiency. Training on online pedagogies and mentorship is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]