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Background: Computerized cognitive training (CCT) has been proposed as a potential therapy for cognitive decline. One of the benefits of CCT is a transfer effect, but its mechanism on the memory domain is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the transfer effect of non‐memory multidomain CCT on the memory domain and its neural basis in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) through a randomized controlled trial. Methods: Patients with MCI recruited from memory clinics were randomly assigned to either the CCT or the control group. The CCT group received multidomain CCT training excluding memory training, while the control group read educational books with learning‐based quizzes twice a week for 8 weeks. Participants underwent memory tests yielding a composite score, other cognitive domain tests, non‐cognitive scales, and resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI), at baseline and after intervention. Within‐ and between‐group comparisons, group × time interactions, and seed‐to‐voxel analyses in memory‐involving brain networks were performed. Results: The CCT group showed improvement over the control group in memory domain (Group × time, F = 5.87, P = 0.03, η2 = 0.31), which was related with the increased connectivity in the hippocampal‐frontal and fusiform‐occipital network. No other cognitive and non‐cognitive symptoms differed between groups after adjusting for covariates. Conclusion: Eight weeks of multidomain CCT without memory training improved memory function and restored functional network in the hippocampal and medial temporal region in MCI patients. These results can provide evidence for the transferring ability of CCT on memory functioning with its neural basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light scattering holds immense significance in various applications, including LED lighting, display enhancement, and solar cell optimization, emphasizing the critical role of understanding scattering mechanisms, especially light–matter interactions, achieving effective optical diffusion. Consequently, the influence of stimuli on material properties, including refractive indices and thermal expansion behavior, has emerged as a pivotal consideration, leading to the development of stimuli‐responsive light scattering modifier. Here, a temperature‐sensitive light scattering modifier composed of poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐styrene) and poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) is presented as scattering particles and matrix, respectively, using a melt‐blending process. Optical properties are evaluated across controlled temperatures 0–70 °C. These findings demonstrate an increasing trend in diffuse transmission and haze as temperatures increased across all light scattering modifiers. Significantly, the optimized light scattering modifier, integrating a dual particle system, showcased uniform reduction gaps in parallel transmission and adjustable haze characteristics across the visible spectrum under temperature control. This optical modifier achieved a total transmission of 92% and adjustable haze levels ranging from 35% to 90% under temperature control. Furthermore, this fabrication of three‐layer films incorporating the light scattering modifier exhibited identical characteristics to the developed light scattering modifier, emphasizing their potential for seamless integration across diverse technological domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Altered thyroid hormone levels have been associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia and related cognitive decline. However, the neuropathological substrates underlying the link between thyroid hormones and AD dementia are not yet fully understood. We first investigated the association between serum thyroid hormone levels and in vivo AD pathologies including both beta-amyloid (Aβ) and tau deposition measured by positron emission tomography (PET). Given the well-known relationship between Aβ and tau pathology in AD, we additionally examined the moderating effects of thyroid hormone levels on the association between Aβ and tau deposition. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted as part of the Korean Brain Aging Study for Early Diagnosis and Prediction of Alzheimer's Disease (KBASE) cohort. This study included a total of 291 cognitively normal adults aged 55 to 90. All participants received comprehensive clinical assessments, measurements for serum total triiodothyronine (T3), free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and brain imaging evaluations including [11C]-Pittsburgh compound B (PiB)- PET and [18F] AV-1451 PET. Results: No associations were found between either thyroid hormones or TSH and Aβ and tau deposition on PET. However, fT4 (p = 0.002) and fT3 (p = 0.001) exhibited significant interactions with Aβ on tau deposition: The sensitivity analyses conducted after the removal of an outlier showed that the interaction effect between fT4 and Aβ deposition was not significant, whereas the interaction between fT3 and Aβ deposition remained significant. However, further subgroup analyses demonstrated a more pronounced positive relationship between Aβ and tau in both the higher fT4 and fT3 groups compared to the lower group, irrespective of outlier removal. Meanwhile, neither T3 nor TSH had any interaction with Aβ on tau deposition. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that serum thyroid hormones may moderate the relationship between cerebral Aβ and tau pathology. Higher levels of serum thyroid hormones could potentially accelerate the Aβ-dependent tau deposition in the brain. Further replication studies in independent samples are needed to verify the current results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of ferroelectricity in HfO2 ultrathin films has gathered considerable interest from the microelectronic industry owing to their compatibility with complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology. However, a significant challenge in utilizing HfO2 thin films for commercial devices is the wakeup effect, which is an increase in polarization with the number of electric field cycles in HfO2-based capacitors. Despite efforts to develop wakeup-free HfO2 thin films, the root cause of this effect remains elusive. Some studies attribute it to the tetragonal (T) to orthorhombic (O) phase transformation, while others suggest it is due to the redistribution of oxygen vacancies within the HfO2 layer during electric field cycling. This study investigated the phase transformation dynamics and oxygen vacancy distributions in TiN/Hf0.5Zr0.5O2/TiN capacitors subjected to electric field cycling using in situ grazing incidence synchrotron x-ray diffraction and ex situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The as-grown HZO films were crystallized in a mixed phase consisting of monoclinic (M), tetragonal, and orthorhombic fractions. The T-phase volume fraction decreased continuously up to 10k electric field cycles. In contrast, the O-phase fraction increased within the first 100 cycles and then stabilized with further cycling. The redistribution of oxygen vacancies occurred continuously throughout the cycling process. The results revealed that continuous oxygen vacancy redistribution during electric field cycling resulted in phase transformation between the T-, O-, and M-phases. The study provides insight into the phase transformation dynamics and oxygen vacancy redistribution in TiN/Hf0.5Zr0.5O2/TiN capacitors during electric field cycling, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms of the wakeup effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epitaxial buffer layers such as ceria (CeO2)/yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) allow the direct integration of functional oxide single crystal thin films on silicon (Si). Microcracks in the buffer layer, often evolving from the large thermal tensile stress, are detrimental to the integration of high-quality complex oxide thin films on Si. In this study, we investigated the evolution of microcracks in sputter-grown epitaxial CeO2 layers by systematically varying the sputtering power and thickness of CeO2 thin films on YSZ single crystal (low thermal mismatch) and YSZ-buffered Si (high thermal mismatch) substrates. Using a plane stress model, we revealed that as the sputtering power increased, the epitaxial CeO2 thin films tended to be more compressively strained at the growth temperature. This could accommodate the tensile strain arising during cooling to room temperature, thereby suppressing the evolution of microcracks. Our result provides not only a method to suppress microcracks in the oxide heterostructure on Si, but also a tool to control their strain state, by controlling their growth parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moderately elevated albuminuria (30–300 mg/g) is a marker of renal dysfunction and a risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Additionally, several recent studies have reported a relationship between moderately elevated albuminuria and triglyceride (TG) levels. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and total cholesterol (TC), TG, and high-density lipoprotein C (HDL-C) levels. We analyzed data from 19,340 patients from the 2011–2014 and 2019–2020 from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the UACR was positively associated with TC and TG levels and negatively associated with HDL-C levels in both Korean women and men. These results were reanalyzed according to the degree of proteinuria (normal, moderately elevated albuminuria, and severely elevated albuminuria (≥ 300 mg/g)). We found a positive relationship between UACR and TC and TG levels, but a negative association with HDL-C levels, except for TC (moderately elevated albuminuria) and HDL-C (moderately elevated albuminuria) in Korean men and TC (severely elevated albuminuria), TG (severely elevated albuminuria), and HDL-C (normal range albuminuria) in Korean women. The correlation between albuminuria and lipid profiles became more evident as albuminuria shift from normal to the severely elevated albuminuria. Thus our multivariate linear regression analysis showed that lipid profiles (TG, TC, and HDL-C levels) were associated with the UACR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free-living amoebae (FLA) are found in diverse environments, such as soils, rivers, and seas. Hence, they can be used as bioindicators to assess the water quality based solely on their presence. In this study, we determined the presence of FLA in river water by filtering water samples collected from various sites and culturing the resulting filtrates. FLA were detected in all the water samples with varying quality grades (Grades I-V). The significant increase in the size of the amoebae population with the deterioration in the water quality. Monoxenic cultures of the amoebae were performed, and genomic DNAs were isolated, among which 18S rDNAs were sequenced to identify the amoeba species. Of the 12 species identified, 10 belonged to the Acanthamoeba genus; of the remaining 2 species, one was identified as Vannella croatica and the other as a species of Vermamoeba. Acanthamoeba was detected in samples with Grades I to VI quality, whereas the Vermamoeba species was present only in Grade I water. V. croatica was found exclusively in water with Grade II quality. Following morphological observations, genomic DNA was sequenced using 16S rDNA to determine whether the species of Acanthamoeba harbored endosymbionts. Most of the isolated Acanthamoeba contained endosymbionts, among which 4 species of endogenous bacteria were identified and examined using transmission electron microscopy. This study provides evidence that the distribution of amoebae other than Acanthamoeba may be associated with water quality. However, further confirmation will be required based on accurate water quality ratings and assessments using a more diverse range of FLA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fine‐tuning the sensing properties of carbon dioxide (CO2) colorimetric sensors is a challenging task. In this study, a short synthetic route is developed for CO2‐responsive nanoparticles with diverse sensitivity and detection range across a wide range of CO2 concentrations. This involves the addition of oily liquids as inter‐chain spacers, which changes the diffusivity of CO2 gas into the sensing matrices without other chemical modifications. R values and the limit of detection (LOD) are estimated from Euclidean distance (ED) curves, indicating a ten‐fold difference in sensitivity. Optical and physical analyses revealed that these results arise from intercalating inter‐chain spacers between polymeric chains and modifying the gas diffusivity. Furthermore, the sensitivity and detection range can be easily tuned by mixing two CO2‐responsive nanoparticles having different inter‐chain spacers, allowing the fabrication of the sensors with subtle differences in sensitivity and detection range. Based on these results, a CO2 level meter with a horizontal linear gauge that allows visible identification of the level of CO2 over the entire range of CO2 concentrations (from 0% to 100%) is developed. Consequently, the findings will be helpful in achieving a better understanding of gas information and finding an effective way to control the characteristics of colorimetric sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, the utilization of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, particularly a variant using digital light processing (DLP), has gained increasing fascination in the realm of microfluidic research because it has proven advantageous and expedient for constructing microscale 3D structures. The surface wetting characteristics (e.g., contact angle and contact angle hysteresis) of 3D-printed microstructures are crucial factors influencing the operational effectiveness of 3D-printed microfluidic devices. Therefore, this study systematically examines the surface wetting characteristics of DLP-based 3D printing objects, focusing on various printing conditions such as lamination (or layer) thickness and direction. We preferentially examine the impact of lamination thickness on the surface roughness of 3D-printed structures through a quantitative assessment using a confocal laser scanning microscope. The influence of lamination thicknesses and lamination direction on the contact angle and contact angle hysteresis of both aqueous and oil droplets on the surfaces of 3D-printed outputs is then quantified. Finally, the performance of a DLP 3D-printed microfluidic device under various printing conditions is assessed. Current research indicates a connection between printing parameters, surface roughness, wetting properties, and capillary movement in 3D-printed microchannels. This correlation will greatly aid in the progress of microfluidic devices produced using DLP-based 3D printing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superhydrophilic coatings are prominent in various industries, including automotive, and consumer electronics. However, challenges persist in terms of mechanical performance and durability. This study focuses on the development of organic–inorganic hybrid nanoparticles for superhydrophilic coatings that exhibit exceptional thermomechanical stability and long‐term durability. Employing green chemistry, polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are grafted onto silica nanoparticles, controlling the PEG molecular weight from 200 to 1000 to systematically investigate its impact on coating characteristics. Additionally, the intriguing phenomenon of phase separation facilitated by a polyurethane binder and its effects on both morphology and hydrophilicity is investigated. All hybrid coatings consistently exhibit remarkable superhydrophilicity, with contact angles consistently below 10°, the lowest being 1.4°. Longer PEG chains played a pivotal role in enhancing the thermal stability of the grafted PEG shell within the hybrid nanoparticles, achieving a maximum enhancement in decomposition temperature of 150 °C. Furthermore, the PEG shell substantially improves strain durability, with SiO2‐PEG 1000–50% exhibiting outstanding transmittance retention of 100% without any cracks even under a 100% tensile strain. SiO2‐PEG 200 emerged as the champion in maintaining superhydrophilicity throughout a 20‐day long‐term durability assessment. Moreover, the research has unveiled the intricate degradation mechanism responsible for the decline in hydrophilicity in these hybrid coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) encodes a transcriptional factor called Tat, which is critical for viral transcription. Tat-mediated transcription is highly ordered apart from the cellular manner; therefore, it is considered a target for developing anti-HIV-1 drugs. However, drugs targeting Tat-mediated viral transcription are not yet available. Our high-throughput screen of a compound library employing a dual-reporter assay identified a 1,3,4-oxadiazole scaffold against Tat and HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, a serial structure-activity relation (SAR) study performed with biological assays found 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives ( 9 and 13 ) containing indole and acetamide that exhibited potent inhibitory effects on HIV-1 infectivity, with half-maximal effective concentrations (EC 50 ) of 0.17 ( 9 ) and 0.24 µM ( 13 ), respectively. The prominent derivatives specifically interfered with the viral transcriptional step without targeting other infection step(s) and efficiently inhibited the HIV-1 replication cycle in the T cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with HIV-1. Additionally, compared to the wild type, the compounds exhibited similar potency against anti-retroviral drug-resistant HIV-1 strains. In a series of mode-of-action studies, the compounds inhibited the ejection of histone H3 for facilitating viral transcription on the long-terminal repeat (LTR) promoter. Furthermore, SAHA (a histone deacetylase inhibitor) treatment abolished the compound potency, revealing that the compounds can possibly target Tat-regulated epigenetic modulation of LTR to inhibit viral transcription. Overall, our screening identified novel 1,3,4-oxadiazole compounds that inhibited HIV-1 Tat, and subsequent SAR-based optimization led to the derivatives 9 and 13 development that could be a promising scaffold for developing a new class of therapeutic agents for HIV-1 infection.

Objective: To compare the risk of dementia associated with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors in adults aged 40-69 years with type 2 diabetes., Design: Population based cohort study., Setting: Korean National Health Insurance Service data, 2013-21., Participants: 110 885 propensity score matched pairs of adults with type 2 diabetes aged 40-69 years who were initiators of either an SGLT-2 inhibitor or a DPP-4 inhibitor., Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome was new onset dementia. Secondary outcomes were dementia requiring drug treatment and individual types of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Control outcomes were genital infections (positive), and osteoarthritis related clinical encounters and cataract surgery (negative). Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox models. Follow-up time stratified analyses (>2 years and ≤2 years) and subgroup analyses by age, sex, concomitant use of metformin, and baseline cardiovascular risk were performed., Results: 110 885 propensity score matched pairs of initiators of an SGLT-2 inhibitor or a DPP-4 inhibitor were followed-up for a mean 670 (standard deviation 650) days, generating 1172 people with newly diagnosed dementia: incidence rate 0.22 per 100 person years in initiators of SGLT-2 inhibitors and 0.35 per 100 person years in initiators of DPP-4 inhibitors, with hazard ratios of 0.65 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.73) for dementia, 0.54 (0.46 to 0.63) for dementia requiring drugs, 0.61 (0.53 to 0.69) for Alzheimer's disease, and 0.48 (0.33 to 0.70) for vascular dementia. The hazard ratios for the control outcomes were 2.67 (2.57 to 2.77) for genital infections, 0.97 (0.95 to 0.98) for osteoarthritis related encounters, and 0.92 (0.89 to 0.96) for cataract surgery. When calibrated for residual confounding measured by cataract surgery, the hazard ratio for dementia was 0.70 (0.62 to 0.80). The association was greater for more than two years of treatment (hazard ratio of dementia 0.57, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.70) than for two years or less (0.52, 0.41 to 0.66) and persisted across subgroups., Conclusion: SGLT-2 inhibitors might prevent dementia, providing greater benefits with longer treatment. As this study was observational and therefore prone to residual confounding and informative censoring, the effect size could have been overestimated. Randomised controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings., Competing Interests: Competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www.icmje.org/disclosure-of-interest/ and declare: support from the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)-AZ Diabetes Research programme; no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. EHK receives grants from Celltrion and SK Chemicals to Seoul National University Bundang Hospital for unrelated studies. BKK receives grants from KHIDI to SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Centre for unrelated studies., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: Targeted therapies for diabetic nephropathy (DN) are lacking, partly due to their irreversible nature. The role of Orai1, a store-operated Ca2+ channel, in DN remains debated, with conflicting evidence on its effect on proteinuria in animal models. We aimed to elucidate the functional relevance of Orai1 expression for clinicopathological parameters in patients with DN., Methods: In this study, we included 93 patients diagnosed with DN between 2009 and 2019. Immunohistochemical staining for Orai1 was performed on paraffin-embedded kidney sections. The significance of Orai1 expression in human DN was assessed by examining its correlation with DN's pathological and clinical parameters using Pearson's correlation coefficient and univariate logistic regression., Results: Orai1 was significantly overexpressed in DN patients compared to control. A strong correlation was observed between increased Orai1 expression and higher Renal Pathology Society DN classification, enhanced interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy scores. Positive correlations with serum creatinine levels and prognosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and albuminuria category were noted but the estimated GFR was inversely related to Orai1 expression. Orai1's association with advanced CKD stages persisted even after adjusting for confounding variables in multivariate logistic regression analysis., Conclusion: Orai1 expression is closely associated with histological and clinical severities of DN, suggesting its potential as a predictive biomarker for disease progression and prognosis. These findings provide new perspectives on therapeutic interventions targeting Orai1 in DN.

Background: Kidney transplantation (KT) improves physical and psychological prognoses for patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). However, few comparative studies have examined depression and suicide rates among patients with ESKD treated with dialysis versus KT., Methods: Data on 21,809 patients with ESKD were extracted from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, extending from January 2002 to December 2018. These patients exhibited no history of depression or insomnia before starting renal replacement therapy. Outcomes were compared between dialysis and KT recipients using 1:2 propensity score matching (PSM)., Results: Of the patients, 17,649 received dialysis (hemodialysis, 15,537; peritoneal dialysis, 2,112), while 4,160 underwent KT. Of those on dialysis, 45.04% (7,949) experienced insomnia, compared to 25.72% (1,070) of KT recipients (P<0.001). Depression was more frequent among dialysis recipients (22.77%, 4,019) than KT recipients (8.61%, 358; P<0.001). Additionally, those on dialysis had a higher incidence of suicide (0.19%, 33) than recipients of KT (0.12%, 5; P=0.047). After PSM, the hazard ratio (HR) for depression in patients on dialysis compared to KT recipients was 1.76 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56-1.99). In subgroup analysis, the relative likelihood of depression among dialysis recipients was particularly high for residents of urban areas (HR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.80-2.44) and patients under 65 years old (HR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.62-2.09)., Conclusions: KT recipients exhibit a lower suicide rate than patients on dialysis. Furthermore, KT is associated with a lower prevalence of depression among Korean patients with ESKD, particularly urban residents and individuals under 65 years old.

Background: This study aims to report the midterm outcomes after surgical treatment of Hawkins Classification III Talar neck fractures., Methods: From March 2010 to April 2022, among a total of 155 patients who visited our hospital with talus fractures, 31 patients underwent surgical treatment for Hawkins classification III talar neck fractures. The inclusion criteria comprised patients with a symptom duration of over 1 year who were available for outpatient follow-up and underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) follow-up 2 months after surgery. Exclusion criteria included patients without preoperative ankle periarticular arthritis, and a total of 27 patients were enrolled. Traffic accidents and falls accounted for 86% of 23 cases, open fractures were 8 cases, and the mean follow-up period was 34.10 months (range, 12-80 months). Clinical outcomes were measured by American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and Foot function index (FFI), and radiological results were obtained using simple radiographs before and after surgery and MRI at 2 months postoperatively to confirm bone union and complications., Results: Complete bone union was achieved in all cases, and the mean duration of union was 4.9 months (range, 4-6 months) and there were no nonunion and varus malunion. At the final follow-up, the mean AOFAS score was 80.18 points (range, 36-90 points) and the mean FFI score was 31.43 points (range, 10-68 points), showing relatively good clinical outcomes. There were 15 cases of avascular necrosis, 6 cases of traumatic arthritis of the ankle joint, 6 cases of irritation of the posterior tibial nerve, and 4 cases of wound problems., Conclusions: Hawkins classification III talar neck fractures are mostly caused by high-energy injuries and have a relatively poor prognosis due to the high incidence of complications such as avascular necrosis or posttraumatic arthritis. However, if correct anatomical reduction and rigid internal fixation are performed within a short time after the injury, good results can be expected., Competing Interests: CONFLICT OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported., (Copyright © 2024 by The Korean Orthopaedic Association.)

The functional properties of complex oxides, including magnetism and ferroelectricity, are closely linked to subtle structural distortions. Ultrafast optical excitations provide the means to manipulate structural features and ultimately to affect the functional properties of complex oxides with picosecond-scale precision. We report that the lattice expansion of multiferroic BiFeO 3 following above-bandgap optical excitation leads to distortion of the oxygen octahedral rotation (OOR) pattern. The continuous coupling between OOR and strain was probed using time-resolved X-ray free-electron laser diffraction with femtosecond time resolution. Density functional theory calculations predict a relationship between the OOR and the elastic strain consistent with the experiment, demonstrating a route to employing this approach in a wider range of systems. Ultrafast control of the functional properties of BiFeO 3 thin films is enabled by this approach because the OOR phenomena are related to ferroelectricity, and via the Fe-O-Fe bond angles, the superexchange interaction between Fe atoms.

Background: Application of visual scoring scales for regional atrophy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) in clinical settings is limited by their high time cost and low intra/inter-rater agreement., Objective: To provide automated atrophy scoring using objective volume driven from deep-learning segmentation methods for AD subtype classification using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)., Methods: We enrolled 3,959 participants (1,732 cognitively normal [CN], 1594 with mild cognitive impairment [MCI], and 633 with AD). The occupancy indices for each regional volume were calculated by dividing each volume by the size of the lateral and inferior ventricular volumes. MR images from 355 participants (119 CN, 119 MCI, and 117 AD) from three different centers were used for validation. Two neuroradiologists performed visual assessments of the medial temporal, posterior, and global cortical atrophy scores in the frontal lobe using T1-weighted MR images. Images were also analyzed using the deep learning-based segmentation software, Neurophet AQUA. Cutoff values for the three scores were determined using the data distribution according to age. The scoring results were compared for consistency and reliability., Results: Four volumetric-driven scoring results showed a high correlation with the visual scoring results for AD, MCI, and CN. The overall agreement with human raters was weak-to-moderate for atrophy scoring in CN participants, and good-to-almost perfect in AD and MCI participants. AD subtyping by automated scores also showed usefulness as a research tool., Conclusions: Determining AD subtypes using automated atrophy scoring for late-MCI and AD could be useful in clinical settings or multicenter studies with large datasets., Competing Interests: This article utilized the segmentation tool, AQUA developed by Neurophet Research Institute, Inc., Seoul, South Korea. Y.S.C, R.E.K, H.W.K, H.L, M.L, D.K, and H.K.L are employees of Neurophet Inc. All other authors have no conflict of interest to report., (© 2024 – The authors. Published by IOS Press.)