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In this article, an optimal output synchronization solution to the $H_{\infty }$ optimization of linear discrete-time (DT) multiagent systems is investigated. Compared with current approaches, the issue of designated convergence rate is handled with system optimality, while less computation cost is required. Specifically, the internal model principle is employed to derive a cooperative regulation problem of DT systems, wherein no explicit solution to output regulation equations is needed for learning. Then, we introduce a convergence rate parameter to construct a group of auxiliary cooperative systems, based on which the zero-sum game in $H_{\infty }$ optimization is formulated. The data-efficient off-policy reinforcement learning and output-feedback technique are applied to solve the enhanced Bellman equations with a designated convergence rate. This results in an online optimal synchronization solution learning from only the input-output data along the system trajectories. It is shown that the proposed optimal synchronization protocol achieves asymptotic synchronization for the original systems with the consensus error converging to zero at a designated rate. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified by the simulation results.

Machine learning (ML)-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signal recognition has been considered an efficient way to mitigate multipath error in positioning estimation. However, because of the spatial heterogeneity of nonline-of-sight (NLOS) interference, existing NLOS signal recognition methods struggle to achieve satisfactory accuracy across multiple locations. In particular, current methods achieve limited recognition accuracy on target domains containing unfamiliar environments. This study proposes a few-shot learning-based semi-supervised GNSS NLOS recognition method using cross-spatiotemporal information, which can achieve high-precision recognition for multiple target domains containing unfamiliar environments only requiring a limited number of labeled samples. First, we propose a self-attention mechanism-based cross-spatiotemporal information (SAM-CSI) module that captures the environmental characteristics used to model the spatial heterogeneity of NLOS interference. Next, to avoid the need for numerous labeled samples in training the model, we introduce a Siamese neural network-based few-shot learning (SNN-FSL) architecture to perform NLOS recognition using a similarity metric instead of label prediction. We then develop a semi-supervised NLOS recognition method by integrating the SAM-CSI module with the SNN-FSL architecture to enable high-precision recognition in target domains containing unfamiliar environments. Finally, we conducted comparison and few-shot learning experiments using real-world datasets, which demonstrated that our proposed method could achieve over 90% recognition accuracy in target domains containing unfamiliar environments after 50-shot learning. It represented an improvement of over 19% compared with existing methods.

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been applied to satellite navigation and positioning applications. Its performance relies heavily on the function-approximation capability of deep neural networks. However, existing DRL models suffer from catastrophic interference, resulting in inaccurate function approximation. The sparse-coding-based DRL is an effective method to mitigating this interference, but existing methods involve the following two challenging issues: first, the value function estimation network suffers from instability problems with gradient backpropagation, including gradient explosion and gradient vanishing, second, existing methods are limited to using hand-crafted sparse regularizers that produce only static sparsity, which may be difficult to apply in various dynamic reinforcement learning (RL) environments. In this article, we propose a novel dictionary learning (DL)-structured RL model with adaptive-sparsity regularizer (ASR) that alleviates the catastrophic interference and enables accurate value function approximation, thereby improving the RL performance. To alleviate the interference and avoid the instability problems in RL, a feedforward DL-structured RL model is constructed to predict the value function without the need for gradient backpropagation. To learn data-driven sparse representations with adaptive sparsity, we propose to use the learnable sparse regularizer ASR in the model, where the key hyperparameters of ASR can be trained to be adaptive to variable RL environments. To optimize the model efficiently, the model parameters are first pretrained in the pretraining stage, with only the value weights used for value function approximation needing to be fine-tuned for actual RL applications in the control training stage. Our comparative experiments in benchmark environments demonstrate that the proposed method can outperform existing state-of-the-art sparse-coding-based RL algorithms. In terms of accumulated rewards (used to measure the quality of the learned policy), the improvement was over 63% in Cart Pole environment and nearly 10% for Puddle World. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm can maintain its relatively high performance in the presence of noise up to 20 dB.

To reasonably utilize the coal direct liquefaction residue (DLR), contrasting research on the co-pyrolysis between different low-rank coals and DLR was investigated using a TGA coupled with an FT-IR spectrophotometer and a fixed-bed reactor. GC–MS, FTIR, and XRD were used to explore the reaction mechanisms of the various co-pyrolysis processes. Based on the TGA results, it was confirmed that the tetrahydrofuran insoluble fraction of DLR helped to catalyze the conversion reaction of lignite. Also, the addition of DLR improved the yield of tar in the fixed-bed, with altering the composition of the tar. Moreover, a kinetic analysis during the co-pyrolysis was conducted using a distributed activation energy model. The co-pyrolysis reactions showed an approximate double-Gaussian distribution.