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Background: To evaluate whether thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) measured during newborn screening (NBS) at birth and at discharge can be surrogate markers for neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) in extremely preterm infants. Methods: The population cohort enrolled infants born

Abstract Background Research indicates that preterm infants requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation often exhibit suboptimal neurodevelopment at follow-up, coupled with altered brain development as detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at term-equivalent age (TEA). However, specific regions of brain dysmaturation and the subsequent neurodevelopmental phenotype following early-life adverse respiratory exposures remain unclear. Additionally, it is uncertain whether brain dysmaturation mediates neurodevelopmental outcomes after respiratory adversity. This study aims to investigate the relationship between early-life adverse respiratory exposures, brain dysmaturation at TEA, and the developmental phenotype observed during follow-up in extremely preterm infants. Methods 89 infants born

The exposure to and health hazards of phthalates have received abundant attention. However, reducing phthalate exposure and further decreasing the associated health risks are difficult. Nonetheless, it is important to actively seek relevant measures. Recently, antioxidant vitamins have been frequently mentioned to improve phthalate-related issues. This scoping review summarizes the existing epidemiological and experimental studies on the interaction of phthalates with antioxidant vitamins. Through a systematic search, sparse epidemiological studies explored the effects of interaction between phthalates and vitamins on reproduction, the endocrine, respiratory, and nervous system and human aging. Four prospective studies were conducted in China, the United States, Canada and Netherlands. Only one study from Netherlands focused on the female reproductive system.The other three studies focused on neurological damage to fetuses caused by phthalate exposure, and its mitigation by vitamin supplementation during pregnancy. Four cross-sectional studies were conducted based on the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database. These studies involved hazards in different systems and interactions with different vitamins. Overall, epidemiological evidence suggests that antioxidant vitamins such as vitamin A, B, D, and folic acid probably may alter the health hazards induced by phthalate exposure. Current animal studies often focus on three phthalates, DBP, DEHP and DIDP,22 DBP, dibutyl phthalate; DEHP, diethylhexyl phthalate; DIDP, diisodecyl phthalate and most commonly, the first two phthalates. These chemicals cause reproductive, urinary, digestive and neurodevelopmental damage; the antioxidant vitamin C, E and B could mitigate the harm caused by phthalates. Possible mechanisms involve reducing oxidative stress, removing methylation,etc. Determining whether these mechanisms are similar to those in humans requires a rigorous experimental study.

There is a close relationship between preconception health and maternal and child health outcomes, and the consequences may be passed down from generation to generation. In 2018, Lancet published three consecutive articles emphasizing the importance of the preconception period. Phthalic acid ester (PAE) exposure during this period may affect gametogenesis and epigenetic information in gametophytes, thereby affecting embryonic development and offspring health. Therefore, this article reviews the effects of parental preconception PAE exposure on reproductive/birth outcomes and offspring health, to provide new evidence on this topic. We searched Web of Science, MEDLINE (through PubMed), the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), ScienceDirect, and the VIP Journal Library from the date of database establishment to July 3, 2024. Finally, 12 articles were included. Three studies investigated the health hazards (effects on birth weight, abortion, etc.) of women's preconception PAE exposure. Nine studies involved both parents. Nine studies considered the impacts of PAE preconception exposure on reproductive/birth outcomes, focusing on birth weight, pregnancy loss, preterm birth, embryo quality, and placental weight. Three studies considered the impacts of preconception PAE exposure on offspring behavior. The results of this review suggested that parental preconception PAE exposure may have an impact on reproductive/birth outcomes and offspring behavior, including birth weight, child behavior, and dietary behavior. However, studies on the health hazards of preconception PAE exposure are relatively scarce, and the outcomes of current studies are varied. It is necessary to use systematic reviews to verify an accurate research question to provide recommendations for public health policy making.

The phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are one class of the most abundant and frequently studied pseudo-persistent organic pollutants. Noninvasive urine is an effective substrate for evaluating PAE exposure, but repeated sampling is needed to overcome this bias. This adds much work to on-site collection and the cost of detection increases exponentially. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a scope review to describe the detection methods and validity of the use of other noninvasive matrices, such as nails and hair, for assessing long-term exposure to PAEs. The PubMed, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), electronic databases were searched from 1 January 2000 to 3 April 2024, and 12 studies were included. Nine and three studies used hair and nails, respectively, as noninvasive matrices for detecting PAE exposure. Five articles compared the results of nail or hair and urine tests for validity of the assessment of PAE exposure. The preprocessing and detection methods for these noninvasive samples are also described. The results of this review suggest that, compared with nails, hair may be more suitable as a noninvasive alternative matrix for assessing long-term exposure to PAEs. However, sample handling procedures such as the extraction and purification of compounds from hair are not uniform in various studies; therefore, further exploration and optimization of this process, and additional research evidence to evaluate its effectiveness, are needed to provide a scientific basis for the promotion and application of hair detection methods for assessing long-term PAE exposure levels.

NPP reactor containment dust can easily turn into radioactive dust, endangering staff health and the environment. However, the nuclear reactor containment wall-climbing cleaning robot cleans blindly without the ability to clean the dust in a timely and thoroughly. In this paper, ShuffleNetV2-YOLOv5s (S-YOLOv5s) model is proposed to solve the problem of wall-climbing robots unable to detect different categories of dust in time. The use of ShuffleNetV2 in the backbone of the network not only ensures a large number of characterized channels and a large network capacity, but also reduces the complexity of the model; SIoU is chosen for the loss function to improve the model accuracy. Then, planar cleaning index (PCI) is proposed by combining the results of S-YOLOv5s to evaluate whether the wall-climbing cleaning robot cleans thoroughly. Compared to other methods, PCI considers amount and area occupation of different classes of dust. The dust data set is collected to train the designed model, and the model size is reduced to 14 % of the original model, and the FPS is 7.313 higher than the original model. Especially when compared with the state-of-the-art lightweight methods, our model has smaller model size and higher recognition speed. Experimental results have shown that our dust detection and cleanliness assessment method can be used on a wall-climbing cleaning robot to clean dust in time and thoroughly.

Nitrile-containing insecticides can be converted into their amide derivatives by Pseudaminobacter salicylatoxidans. N-(4-trifluoromethylnicotinoyl) glycinamide (TFNG-AM) is converted to 4-(trifluoromethyl) nicotinoyl glycine (TFNG) using nitrile hydratase/amidase. However, the amidase that catalyzes this bioconversion has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, it was discovered that flonicamid (FLO) is degraded by P. salicylatoxidans into the acid metabolite TFNG via the intermediate TFNG-AM. A half-life of 18.7 h was observed for P. salicylatoxidans resting cells, which transformed 82.8% of the available FLO in 48 h. The resulting amide metabolite, TFNG-AM, was almost all converted to TFNG within 19 d. A novel amidase-encoding gene was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The enzyme, PmsiA, hydrolyzed TFNG-AM to TFNG. Despite being categorized as a member of the amidase signature enzyme superfamily, PsmiA only shares 20–30% identity with the 14 previously identified members of this family, indicating that PsmiA represents a novel class of enzyme. Homology structural modeling and molecular docking analyses suggested that key residues Glu247 and Met242 may significantly impact the catalytic activity of PsmiA. This study contributes to our understanding of the biodegradation process of nitrile-containing insecticides and the relationship between the structure and function of metabolic enzymes.

Bat feces have been reported in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) books to have the effect of reducing fever and improving eyesight, but the mechanism of vision improvement still needs further research. To this end, we used 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) to analyze the antioxidant capacity of and the types of vitamins in bat feces. We hoped to screen the pharmacological components of bat feces and to explain the role that these components may play in treating visual deterioration. Our results found that bat feces had a good antioxidant capacity and mainly contained vitamins B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (nicotinamide), B3 (nicotinic acid), and B5 (pantothenic acid). Although these vitamins may help to maintain the health of the optic nerve and cornea, the vitamin content of bat feces is low, but the heavy metal content is high, as shown using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis. Therefore, we suggest that the use of bat feces as TCM to improve vision should be strictly restricted.