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The Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) ferroelectric single crystals have been commercially available as important components in medical ultrasound transducers due to their excellent piezoelectric and electromechanical coupling performance. The variation in piezoelectric and dielectric properties of PMN-PT single crystals with ambient temperature is an important application indicator. In this work, the PMN-PT single crystals after direct current poling (DCP) and alternating current poling (ACP) were subjected to the cyclic thermal treatment process. The thermal cycling stability and microstructural changes in PMN-PT single crystals were investigated. The ACP single crystals exhibit a higher dielectric constant ε 33 T / ε 0 (6500–7600) and piezoelectric coefficient d33 (2100–2500 pC N−1) compared to the DCP single crystals (ε 33 T / ε 0 of 4100–5000, d33 of 1200–1300 pC N−1). Under thermal cycling at 60 °C, the DCP and ACP single crystals exhibit good thermal cycling stability after 150 cycles. Microstructural observations show that the domain structure of the DCP single crystals exhibits "staggered domain walls, inhomogeneous domain size, variety of domain structure," while the relatively homogeneous stripe-like domains were observed in the ACP single crystals. After thermal cycling, new fine striped domains appear in both the DCP and ACP single crystals due to the instability of rotated polarization, but the piezoelectric and dielectric properties are not greatly affected. This work provides an intensive understanding of the effects of thermal cycling on the domain structure, which is useful for applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Existing studies have found that circular RNAs (circRNAs) act as sponges for micro RNAs (miRNAs) to control downstream genes. However, the specific functionalities and mechanisms of circRNAs in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) have yet to be thoroughly investigated. Methods: Patient cohorts from online databases were used to screen candidate circRNAs, while another cohort from our hospital was obtained for validation. CircSOD2 was identified as a potential oncogenic target, and its relevant characteristics were investigated during ccRCC progression through various assays. A positive feedback loop containing downstream miRNA and its target gene were identified using bioinformatics and validated by luciferase reporter assays, RNA pull-down, and high-throughput sequencing. Results: CircSOD2 expression was elevated in tumor samples and significantly correlated with overall survival (OS) and the tumor stage of ccRCC patients, which appeared in the enhanced proliferation, invasion, and migration of tumor cells. Through competitive binding to circSOD2, miR-532-3p can promote the expression of PAX5 and the progression of ccRCC, and such regulation can be salvaged by miR-532-3p inhibitor. Conclusion: A novel positive feedback loop, PAX5/circSOD2/miR-532-3p/PAX5 was identified in the study, indicating that the loop may play an important role in the diagnosis and prognostic prediction in ccRCC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to explore the characteristics of the combined application of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer using different tillage methods to delay the senescence of maize leaves. The yield and activities of GDH, CAT, APX, GR, and GSH enzymes in maize leaves were measured at different growth stages by using two tillage methods, three organic and inorganic combined applications (P1, P2, and P3), and four control treatments. (1) During the growth period, the R + S and R treatments were P1 treatments, with the highest enzyme activities noted for GDH, CAT, APX, GR, and GSH, which were 36.79–103.22% higher than those of CK. (2) The average yield of all R + S treatments was higher than that of R treatments, and the average yield of P1 treatment was the highest under R + S, which was 13,663.79 kg hm−2, which was 6.39%, 7.90%, and 14.67% higher than that of P2, P3, and CK, respectively, which was lower than that of R. The yield of P1 treatment was 2.53% higher. (3) There was a significant positive correlation between APX activity, CAT activity, GR activity, GDH activity, GSH activity, grain number per ear, ear length, and 100-grain weight of maize leaves at the grain filling stage, and a significant negative correlation between bald tip length and yield. The treatment details had the strongest enzyme activity and the highest yield when using the rotary tillage + subsoiling (R + S) P1 method, which was the most suitable tillage method and the best fertilizer ratio combination, which could be demonstrated and popularized in a large area in the dry farming area of spring maize in Shanxi Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) is an excellent antioxidant that is easily oxidized to 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroperoxyl-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone (BHTOOH). For the safety of BHT production and usage, it is meaningful to study the thermal stability and decomposition properties of BHT and BHTOOH. In this paper, the thermal decomposition properties of BHT and BHTOOH were compared by the mini closed pressure vessel test (MCPVT) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Their kinetics of thermal decomposition were studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The thermal decomposition products of BHT and BHTOOH were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The results show that there was no significant change in temperature pressure when BHT was warmed up under a nitrogen atmosphere, indicating that BHT was stable within 400 K. The thermal decomposition reaction of BHTOOH was rapid with an initial reaction temperature of 375.2 K. The initial exothermic temperature (Ti) and heat release (QDSC) of DSC were 384.9 K and 865.0 J g−1, respectively. The apparent activation energies (Ea) for the thermal decomposition reactions of BHT and BHTOOH calculated by the Kissinger method were 151.8 kJ mol−1 and 66.07 kJ mol−1, respectively. The main decomposition products of BHT were isobutene and 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol. The thermal decomposition products of BHTOOH included BHT, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4,4′-(1,2-ethanediyl) bis [2,6-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl) phenol, etc. Based on the thermal decomposition behavior and products, the reaction pathway has been described. These results indicate that BHT is a potential thermal hazard during production, storage and application. For the safety of the chemical industry, the oxidation of BHT should be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common functional bowel disorders and dysmetabolism plays an important role in the pathogenesis of disease. Nevertheless, there remains a lack of information regarding the causal relationship between circulating metabolites and IBS. A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted in order to evaluate the causal relationship between genetically proxied 486 blood metabolites and IBS. Methods: A two-sample MR analysis was implemented to assess the causality of blood metabolites on IBS. The study utilized a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to examine 486 metabolites as the exposure variable while employing a GWAS study with 486,601 individuals of European descent as the outcome variable. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was used to estimate the causal relationship of metabolites on IBS, while several methods were performed to eliminate the pleiotropy and heterogeneity. Another GWAS data was used for replication and meta-analysis. In addition, reverse MR and linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) were employed for additional assessment. Multivariable MR analysis was conducted in order to evaluate the direct impact of metabolites on IBS. Results: Three known and two unknown metabolites were identified as being associated with the development of IBS. Higher levels of butyryl carnitine (OR(95%CI):1.10(1.02–1.18),p = 0.009) and tetradecanedioate (OR(95%CI):1.13(1.04–1.23),p = 0.003)increased susceptibility of IBS and higher levels of stearate(18:0)(OR(95%CI):0.72(0.58–0.89),p = 0.003) decreased susceptibility of IBS. Conclusion: The metabolites implicated in the pathogenesis of IBS possess potential as biomarkers and hold promise for elucidating the underlying biological mechanisms of this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STUDY QUESTION Whether and how do Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs) regulate the physiological functions of human sperm? SUMMARY ANSWER NHE-mediated flagellar intracellular pH (pHi) homeostasis facilitates the activation of the pH-sensitive, sperm-specific Ca2+ channel (CatSper) and the sperm-specific K+ channel (KSper), which subsequently modulate sperm motility, hyperactivation, flagellar tyrosine phosphorylation, and the progesterone (P4)-induced acrosome reaction. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Sperm pHi alkalization is an essential prerequisite for the acquisition of sperm-fertilizing capacity. Different sperm functions are strictly controlled by particular pHi regulatory mechanisms. NHEs are suggested to modulate sperm H+ efflux. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This was a laboratory study that used samples from >50 sperm donors over a period of 1 year. To evaluate NHE action on human sperm function, 5-(N , N -dimethyl)-amiloride (DMA), a highly selective inhibitor of NHEs, was utilized. All experiments were repeated at least five times using different individual sperm samples or cells. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS By utilizing the pH fluorescent indicator pHrodo Red-AM, we detected alterations in single-cell pHi value in human sperm. The currents of CatSper and KSper in human sperm were recorded by the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Changes in population and single-cell Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) of human sperm loaded with Fluo 4-AM were measured. Membrane potential (Vm) and population pHi were quantitatively examined by a multimode plate reader after sperm were loaded with 3,3′-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide and 2′,7′-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein, acetoxymethyl ester, respectively. Sperm motility parameters were assessed by a computer-assisted semen analysis system. Tyrosine phosphorylation was determined by immunofluorescence, and sperm acrosome reaction was evaluated by Pisum sativum agglutinin-FITC staining. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE DMA-induced NHEs inhibition severely acidified the human sperm flagellar pHi from 7.20 ± 0.04 to 6.38 ± 0.12 (mean ± SEM), while the effect of DMA on acrosomal pHi was less obvious (from 5.90 ± 0.13 to 5.57 ± 0.12, mean ± SEM). The whole-cell patch-clamp recordings revealed that NHE inhibition remarkably suppressed alkalization-induced activation of CatSper and KSper. As a consequence, impairment of [Ca2+]i homeostasis and Vm maintenance were detected in the presence of DMA. During the capacitation process, pre-treatment with DMA for 2 h potently decreased sperm pHi, which in turn decreased sperm motility and kinetic parameters. Sperm capacitation-associated functions, including hyperactivation, tyrosine phosphorylation, and P4-induced acrosome reaction, were also compromised by NHE inhibition. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This was an in vitro study. Caution should be taken when extrapolating these results to in vivo applications. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This study revealed that NHEs are important physiological regulators for human CatSper and KSper, which are indispensable for human sperm fertility, suggesting that malfunction of NHEs could be an underlying mechanism for the pathogenesis of male infertility. FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32271167 and 81871202 to X.Z.), Jiangsu Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent Plan (JSSCRC20211543 to X.Z.), the Social Development Project of Jiangsu Province (No. BE2022765 to X.Z.), the Society and livelihood Project of Nantong City (No. MS22022087 to X.Z.), and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20220608 to H.K.). The authors have no competing interests to declare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STUDY QUESTION What is the significance and mechanism of human seminal plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) in regulating human sperm functions? SUMMARY ANSWER EV increases the intracellular Ca2+ concentrations [Ca2+]i via extracellular Ca2+ influx by activating CatSper channels, and subsequently modulate human sperm motility, especially hyperactivated motility, which is attributed to both protein and non-protein components in EV. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY EVs are functional regulators of human sperm function, and EV cargoes from normal and asthenozoospermic seminal plasma are different. Pre-fusion of EV with sperm in the acidic and non-physiological sucrose buffer solution could elevate [Ca2+]i in human sperm. CatSper, a principle Ca2+ channel in human sperm, is responsible for the [Ca2+]i regulation when sperm respond to diverse extracellular stimuli. However, the role of CatSper in EV-evoked calcium signaling and its potential physiological significance remain unclear. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION EV isolated from the seminal plasma of normal and asthenozoospermic semen were utilized to investigate the mechanism by which EV regulates calcium signal in human sperm, including the involvement of CatSper and the responsible cargoes in EV. In addition, the clinical application potential of EV and EV protein-derived peptides were also evaluated. This is a laboratory study that went on for more than 5 years and involved more than 200 separate experiments. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Semen donors were recruited in accordance with the Institutional Ethics Committee on human subjects of the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University and Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital. The Flow NanoAnalyzer, western blotting, and transmission electron microscope were used to systematically characterize seminal plasma EV. Sperm [Ca2+]i responses were examined by fluorimetric measurement. The whole-cell patch-clamp technique was performed to record CatSper currents. Sperm motility parameters were assessed by computer-assisted sperm analysis. Sperm hyperactivation was also evaluated by examining their penetration ability in viscous methylcellulose media. Protein and non-protein components in EV were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrum. The levels of prostaglandins, reactive oxygen species, malonaldehyde, and DNA integrity were detected by commercial kits. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE EV increased [Ca2+]i via an extracellular Ca2+ influx, which could be suppressed by a CatSper inhibitor. Also, EV potentiated CatSper currents in human sperm. Furthermore, the EV-in [Ca2+]i increase and CatSper currents were absent in a CatSper-deficient sperm, confirming the crucial role of CatSper in EV induced Ca2+ signaling in human sperm. Both proteins and non-protein components of EV contributed to the increase of [Ca2+]i, which were important for the effects of EV on human sperm. Consequently, EV and its cargos promoted sperm hyperactivated motility. In addition, seminal plasma EV protein-derived peptides, such as NAT1-derived peptide (N-P) and THBS-1-derived peptide (T-P), could activate the sperm calcium signal and enhance sperm function. Interestingly, EV derived from asthenozoospermic semen caused a lower increase of [Ca2+]i than that isolated from normal seminal plasma (N-EV), and N-EV significantly improved sperm motility and function in both asthenozoospermic samples and frozen-thawed sperm. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This was an in vitro study and caution must be taken when extrapolating the physiological relevance to in vivo regulation of sperm. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our findings demonstrate that the CatSper-mediated-Ca2+ signaling is involved in EV-modulated sperm function under near physiological conditions, and EV and their derivates are a novel CatSper and sperm function regulators with potential for clinical application. They may be developed to improve sperm motility resulting from low [Ca2+]i response and/or freezing and thawing. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32271167), the Social Development Project of Jiangsu Province (BE2022765), the Nantong Social and People's Livelihood Science and Technology Plan (MS22022087), the Basic Science Research Program of Nantong (JC22022086), and the Jiangsu Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent Plan (JSSCRC2021543). The authors declare no conflict of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Force‐responsive molecules that produce fluorescent moieties under stress provide a means for stress‐sensing and material damage assessment. In this work, we report a mechanophore based on Diels‐Alder adduct TAD‐An of 4,4′‐(4,4′‐diphenylmethylene)‐bis‐(1,2,4‐triazoline‐3,5‐dione) and initiator‐substituted anthracene that can undergo retro‐Diels‐Alder (rDA) reaction by pulsed ultrasonication and compressive activation in bulk materials. The influence of having C−N versus C−C bonds at the sites of bond scission is elucidated by comparing the relative mechanical strength of TAD‐An to another Diels‐Alder adduct MAL‐An obtained from maleimide and anthracene. The susceptibility to undergo rDa reaction correlates well with bond energy, such that C−N bond containing TAD‐An degrades faster C−C bond containing MAL‐An because C−N bond is weaker than C−C bond. Specifically, the results from polymer degradation kinetics under pulsed ultrasonication shows that polymer containing TAD‐An has a rate constant of 1.59×10−5 min−1, while MAL‐An (C−C bond) has a rate constant of 1.40×10−5 min−1. Incorporation of TAD‐An in a crosslinked polymer network demonstrates the feasibility to utilize TAD‐An as an alternative force‐responsive probe to visualize mechanical damage where fluorescence can be "turned‐on" due to force‐accelerated retro‐Diels‐Alder reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, which is driven by macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue and leads to elevated cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the circulation and tissues. Previous studies demonstrate that SENP3, a redox-sensitive SUMO2/3-specific protease, is strongly implicated in the development and progression of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. However, the role of SENP3 in obesity-associated inflammation remains largely unknown. To better understand the effects of SENP3 on adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) activation and function within the context of obesity, we generated mice with myeloid-specific deletion of SENP3 (Senp3flox/flox;Lyz2-Cre mice). We found that the expression of SENP3 is dramatically increased in ATMs during high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mice. Senp3flox/flox;Lyz2-Cre mice show lower body weight gain and reduced adiposity and adipocyte size after challenged with HFD and during aging. Myeloid-specific SENP3 deletion attenuates macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue and reduces serum levels of inflammatory factors during diet and age-induced obesity. Furthermore, we found that SENP3 knockout markedly inhibits cytokine release from macrophage after lipopolysaccharide and palmitic acid treatment in vitro. Mechanistically, in cultured peritoneal macrophages, SENP3 protein level is enhanced by IL-1β, in parallel with the upregulation of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1). Moreover, we demonstrated that SENP3 modulates de-SUMO modification of YAP1 and SENP3 deletion abolishes the upregulation of YAP1 induced by IL-1β. Most importantly, SENP3 deficiency reduces YAP1 protein level in adipose tissue during obesity. Our results highlight the important role of SENP3 in ATM inflammation and diet and age-induced obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous carbon nanosheets have shown great potential in electrochemical energy storage devices, yet their intrinsic limited volumetric capacity and energy density remain a great concern. Herein, lamellar porous carbon framework hybrids (LPCFHs) have been facilely developed by thermal-induced bulk self-assembly of block copolymers with precisely controllable molecular structure, followed by stepwise chemical crosslinking and morphology-persistent carbonization processes. The as-obtained LPCFHs consist of densely covalent connected alternate layers (porous carbon nanosheets and porous carbon spacers) and homogenously dispersed metal sulfide nanoparticles. The ordered compact stacking structure of carbon nanosheets endows LPCFHs with a high tap density and fast electron transfer both in lateral and vertical dimension, while the porous carbon spacers enable fast channels for ion transfer. Moreover, the metal sulfide nanoparticles strongly interacted with carbon nanosheets are homogenously distributed in LPCFHs, resulting in sufficient active sites. As a result, when used as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), tin sulfide-decorated LPCFHs (LPCFHs-SnS) deliver a volumetric capacity of up to 1285 mAh cm−3; meanwhile, high-rate capability (488 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1) and excellent cycling stability (capacity retention of 88.3 % after 500 cycles at 1 A g−1) are also achieved, demonstrating great potential for practical application in LIBs. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over recent decades, CuO–ZnO structures have been extensively investigated on account of their excellent properties and applications. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive studies on the structural and property variations in systems with different compositions under high pressure. In this study, the first-principles method was used to investigate the electronic and mechanical properties of the CuO–ZnO system under high pressure. We predict the presence of five stable ordered CuO–ZnO structures within the pressure range of 0–60 GPa. Notably, our computational analysis reveals the existence of superconductivity in Cu Zn 3 O 4 _ P m 3 ‾ m , which exhibits a transition temperature of 4.7K at 58 GPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a systematic high-pressure study on the Nb-Sn system using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. The USPEX software package was used to investigate the crystal structure of Nb-Sn alloys under pressures ranging from 0 to 30 GPa. As a result, five new ground-state structures for the Nb-Sn alloys were predicted: Pm -3_Nb 7 Sn, I 4/ mmm_ Nb 2 Sn, P 6 4 22_NbSn 2 , P 4/ nmm _NbSn 3 and Cmcm _NbSn 3. According to our calculated results, it is found that eight compounds are thermodynamically and dynamically stable in Nb-Sn system under different pressures. These compounds are: Pm -3_Nb 7 Sn, Pm -3 n _Nb 3 Sn(A15), Fddd _NbSn 2 , I 4/ mmm _Nb 2 Sn, P 6 2 22_NbSn 2 , P 6 4 22_NbSn 2 , P 4/ nmm _NbSn 3 , and Cmcm _NbSn 3. The calculations of electronic properties indicate that structures exhibit metallic behavior. In addition, the superconducting transition temperatures of Pm -3_Nb 7 Sn at atmospheric pressure is ∼5.15 K, and our results also suggest that the superconducting properties arises mainly from the coupling between Nb-4 d electrons and phonons near the Fermi level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The easily cracking behavior of relaxor-PbTiO 3 based ferroelectric crystals limit their application. The average thermal expansion coefficients of PMN-PT and PIN-PMN-PT single crystals are 7.77–8.21 × 10−6 K−1 and 6.59–7.79 × 10−6 K−1 between 20–600 °C. The compression of the crystal by the platinum crucible and the abnormal thermal expansion behavior around phase transition temperature during the cooling process are the main cause of crystal cracking. [Display omitted] • The average thermal expansion coefficients of PMN-PT and PIN-PMN-PT single crystals are 7.77–8.21 × 10–6 K−1 and 6.59–6.79 × 10–6 K−1 between 20–600 °C. • The compression of the crystal by the platinum crucible and the abnormal thermal expansion behavior around phase transition temperature during the cooling process are the main cause of crystal cracking. Large-size Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3)O 3 -PbTiO 3 (PMN-PT) and Pb(In 1/2 Nb 1/2)O 3 -Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3)O 3 -PbTiO 3 (PIN-PMN-PT) single crystals have been successfully produced. Nevertheless, the susceptibility of these crystals to cracking substantially hampers their application. This study investigates the thermal expansion characteristics of PMN-PT and PIN-PMN-PT crystals oriented along the 〈1 0 0〉, 〈1 1 0〉, and 〈1 1 1〉 directions, revealing no significant anisotropy. The average thermal expansion coefficients for the PMN-PT and PIN-PMN-PT crystals range from 7.77 to 8.21 × 10−6 K−1 and from 6.59 to 6.79 × 10−6 K−1, respectively, within the temperature range of 20 to 600 °C. Interestingly, the PMN-PT and PIN-PMN-PT crystals demonstrate unusual thermal expansion behavior around the phase transition temperature. The magnitudes of their thermal expansion coefficients are comparable to those of certain commercial crystals but are lower than that of platinum. The main causes inferred for crystal cracking include the pressure exerted by the platinum crucible and the abnormal thermal expansion behavior around the phase transition temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have shown that NaB6, KB6, and RbB6 adopting Pm 3 ̄ m are superconductors with a relatively high Tc under ambient conditions. In this paper, we conducted systematic structural and related properties research on CsB6 through a genetic evolution algorithm and total energy calculations based on density functional theory between 0 and 20 GPa. Our results reveal a cubic Pm 3 ̄ m CsB6, which is dynamically stable under the pressures we studied. We systematically calculated the formation enthalpies, electronic properties, and superconducting properties of Pm 3 ̄ m MB6 (M = Na, K, Rb, Cs). They all exhibit metallic features, and boron has high contributions to band structures, density of states, and electron–phonon coupling (EPC). The calculated results about the Helmholtz free energy difference of Pm 3 ̄ m CsB6 at 0, 10, and 20 GPa indicate that it is stable upon chemical decomposition (decomposition to simple substances Cs and B) from 0 to 400 K. The phonon density of states indicates that boron atoms occupy the high frequency area. The EPC results show that Pm 3 ̄ m CsB6 is a superconductor with Tc = 11.7 K at 0 GPa, close to NaB6 (13.1 K), KB6 (11.7 K), and RbB6 (11.3 K) at 0 GPa in our work, which indicates that boron atoms play an essential role in superconductivity: vibrations of B6 regular octagons lead to the high Tc of Pm 3 ̄ m MB6. Our work about Pm 3 ̄ m hexaborides provides a supplementary study on the borides of the group IA elements (without Fr and Li) and has an important guiding significance for the experimental synthesis of CsB6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence from observational studies indicates that lung cancer screening (LCS) guidelines with high rates of lung cancer (LC) underdiagnosis, and although current screening guidelines have been updated and eligibility criteria for screening have been expanded, there are no studies comparing the efficiency of LCS guidelines in Chinese population. Methods: Between 2005 and 2022, 31,394 asymptomatic individuals were screened using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) at our institution. Demographic data and relevant LC risk factors were collected. The efficiency of the LCS for each guideline criteria was expressed as the efficiency ratio (ER). The inclusion rates, eligibility rates, LC detection rates, and ER based on the different eligibility criteria of the four guidelines were comparatively analyzed. The four guidelines were as follows: China guideline for the screening and early detection of lung cancer (CGSL), the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), and International Early Lung Cancer Action Program (I-ELCAP). Results: Of 31,394 participants, 298 (155 women, 143 men) were diagnosed with LC. For CGSL, NCCN, USPSTF, and I-ELCAP guidelines, the eligibility rates for guidelines were 13.92%, 6.97%, 6.81%, and 53.46%; ERe for eligibility criteria were 1.46%, 1.64%, 1.51%, and 1.13%, respectively; and for the inclusion rates, they were 19.0%, 9.5%, 9.3%, and 73.0%, respectively. LCs which met the screening criteria of CGSL, NCCN, USPSTF, and I-ELCAP guidelines were 29.2%, 16.4%, 14.8%, and 86.6%, respectively. The age and smoking criteria for CGSL were stricter, hence resulting in lower rates of LC meeting the screening criteria. The CGSL, NCCN, and USPSTF guidelines showed the highest underdiagnosis in the 45–49 age group (17.4%), while the I-ELCAP guideline displayed the highest missed diagnosis rate (3.0%) in the 35–39 age group. Males and females significantly differed in eligibility based on the criteria of the four guidelines (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The I-ELCAP guideline has the highest eligibility rate for both males and females. But its actual efficiency ratio for those deemed eligible by the guideline was the lowest. Whereas the NCCN guideline has the highest ERe value for those deemed eligible by the guideline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

pH homeostasis is crucial for spermatogenesis, sperm maturation, sperm physiological function, and fertilization in mammals. HCO3− and H+ are the most significant factors involved in regulating pH homeostasis in the male reproductive system. Multiple pH-regulating transporters and ion channels localize in the testis, epididymis, and spermatozoa, such as HCO3− transporters (solute carrier family 4 and solute carrier family 26 transporters), carbonic anhydrases, and H+-transport channels and enzymes (e.g., Na+-H+ exchangers, monocarboxylate transporters, H+-ATPases, and voltage-gated proton channels). Hormone-mediated signals impose an influence on the production of some HCO3− or H+ transporters, such as NBCe1, SLC4A2, MCT4, etc. Additionally, ion channels including sperm-specific cationic channels for Ca2+ (CatSper) and K+ (SLO3) are directly or indirectly regulated by pH, exerting specific actions on spermatozoa. The slightly alkaline testicular pH is conducive to spermatogenesis, whereas the epididymis's low HCO3− concentration and acidic lumen are favorable for sperm maturation and storage. Spermatozoa pH increases substantially after being fused with seminal fluid to enhance motility. In the female reproductive tract, sperm are subjected to increasing concentrations of HCO3− in the uterine and fallopian tube, causing a rise in the intracellular pH (pHi) of spermatozoa, leading to hyperpolarization of sperm plasma membranes, capacitation, hyperactivation, acrosome reaction, and ultimately fertilization. The physiological regulation initiated by SLC26A3, SLC26A8, NHA1, sNHE, and CFTR localized in sperm is proven for certain to be involved in male fertility. This review intends to present the key factors and characteristics of pHi regulation in the testes, efferent duct, epididymis, seminal fluid, and female reproductive tract, as well as the associated mechanisms during the sperm journey to fertilization, proposing insights into outstanding subjects and future research trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Frailty is a dynamic geriatric condition. Limited studies have examined the association of the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and its related indicators [TyG index, triglyceride glucose-waist to height ratio (TyG-WHtR), triglyceride glucose-waist circumference (TyG-WC), and triglyceride glucose-body mass index (TyG-BMI)] with frailty, and the potential links among them remain unclear. On the basis of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), this study investigated the potential relationships of the TyG index and its related indices with frailty. Methods: This research included 7,965 participants from NHANES 2003–2018. The relationship of the TyG index and its related indices with frailty was investigated with binary logistic regression analyses, restricted cubic spline (RCS), and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Potential influences were further investigated through stratified analyses and interaction tests. Results: The prevalence of frailty in the participants of this study was 25.59%, with a average frailty index of 0.16 (0.00). In the three regression analysis models, the continuous TyG index and its associated indices were positively associated with frailty. In addition, quartiles of TyG, TyG-WC, TyG-WHtR, and TyG-BMI were significantly associated with increased frailty prevalence in the fully adjusted models (TyG Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.19, 2.09, P = 0.002; TyG-WC Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 2.40, 95% CI: 1.90, 3.04, P < 0.001; TyG-WHtR Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.82, 2.81, P < 0.001; TyG- BMI Q4 vs. Q1, OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.76, 2.64, P < 0.001). According to RCS analysis, TyG, TyG-WC, TyG-WHtR, and TyG-BMI were linearly and positively associated with frailty. ROC curves revealed that TyG-WHtR (AUC: 0.654) had greater diagnostic value for frailty than TyG (AUC: 0.604), TyG-BMI (AUC: 0.621), and TyG-WC (AUC: 0.629). All of the stratified analyses and interaction tests showed similar results. Conclusions: Elevated TyG and its associaed indices are associated with an increased prevalence of frailty. Reasonable control of blood glucose and blood lipids, and avoidance of obesity, may aid in reducing the occurrence of frailty in middle-aged and older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatiotemporal expression patterns of genes are crucial for maintaining normal physiological functions in animals. Conditional gene knockout using the cyclization recombination enzyme (Cre)/locus of crossover of P1 (Cre/LoxP) strategy has been extensively employed for functional assays at specific tissue or developmental stages. This approach aids in uncovering the associations between phenotypes and gene regulation while minimizing interference among distinct tissues. Various Cre-engineered mouse models have been utilized in the male reproductive system, including Dppa3-MERCre for primordial germ cells, Ddx4-Cre and Stra8-Cre for spermatogonia, Prm1-Cre and Acrv1-iCre for haploid spermatids, Cyp17a1-iCre for the Leydig cell, Sox9-Cre for the Sertoli cell, and Lcn5/8/9-Cre for differentiated segments of the epididymis. Notably, the specificity and functioning stage of Cre recombinases vary, and the efficiency of recombination driven by Cre depends on endogenous promoters with different sequences as well as the constructed Cre vectors, even when controlled by an identical promoter. Cre mouse models generated via traditional recombination or CRISPR/Cas9 also exhibit distinct knockout properties. This review focuses on Cre-engineered mouse models applied to the male reproductive system, including Cre-targeting strategies, mouse model screening, and practical challenges encountered, particularly with novel mouse strains over the past decade. It aims to provide valuable references for studies conducted on the male reproductive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypropylene (PP) mesh is the most widely used prosthetic material in hernia repair. However, the efficacy of implanted PP mesh is often compromised by adhesion between viscera and PP mesh. Thus, there is a recognized need for developing an anti-adhesive PP mesh. Here, a composite hydrogel coated PP mesh with the prevention of adhesion after hernia repair was designed. The composite hydrogel coating was prepared from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and hyaluronic acid (HA) by using the freezing-thawing (FT) method. To overcome the shortcoming of the long time of the traditional freezing-thawing method, a small molecule 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DHPA) was introduced to promote the formation of composite hydrogel. The as-prepared composite hydrogel coating displayed modulus more closely resembling that of native abdominal wall tissue. In vitro studies illustrated that the resulting meshes showed excellent coating stability, hemocompatibility, and non-cytotoxicity. In vivo experiments using a rat abdominal wall defect model demonstrated that the composite hydrogel coated PP mesh could prevent the formation of adhesion, alleviate the inflammatory response, and reduce the deposition of collagen around the damaged tissue. These disclosed results manifested that the PP mesh coated with HA/PVA composite hydrogel might be a promising application in preventing adhesion for hernia repair. [Display omitted] • The HA/PVA hydrogel was obtained by only 3 h-long freezing at −20 °C and 4 h-long thawing. • The addition of DHPA can regulate the compression property of HA/PVA hydrogel. • HA/PVA hydrogel coated PP mesh was successfully prepared by freezing-thawing method. • The PP mesh coated with HA/PVA hydrogel possessed excellent biocompatibility. • The PP mesh coated with HA/PVA hydrogel presented outstanding anti-adhesion property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypropylene (PP) mesh is the most widely used prosthetic material in hernia repair. However, the efficacy of implanted PP mesh is often compromised by adhesion between viscera and PP mesh. Thus, there is a recognized need for developing an anti-adhesive PP mesh. Here, a composite hydrogel coated PP mesh with the prevention of adhesion after hernia repair was designed. The composite hydrogel coating was prepared from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and hyaluronic acid (HA) by using the freezing-thawing (FT) method. To overcome the shortcoming of the long time of the traditional freezing-thawing method, a small molecule 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DHPA) was introduced to promote the formation of composite hydrogel. The as-prepared composite hydrogel coating displayed modulus more closely resembling that of native abdominal wall tissue. In vitro studies illustrated that the resulting meshes showed excellent coating stability, hemocompatibility, and non-cytotoxicity. In vivo experiments using a rat abdominal wall defect model demonstrated that the composite hydrogel coated PP mesh could prevent the formation of adhesion, alleviate the inflammatory response, and reduce the deposition of collagen around the damaged tissue. These disclosed results manifested that the PP mesh coated with HA/PVA composite hydrogel might be a promising application in preventing adhesion for hernia repair. [Display omitted] • The HA/PVA hydrogel was obtained by only 3 h-long freezing at −20 °C and 4 h-long thawing. • The addition of DHPA can regulate the compression property of HA/PVA hydrogel. • HA/PVA hydrogel coated PP mesh was successfully prepared by freezing-thawing method. • The PP mesh coated with HA/PVA hydrogel possessed excellent biocompatibility. • The PP mesh coated with HA/PVA hydrogel presented outstanding anti-adhesion property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In China, over 50% of lung cancer cases occur in nonsmokers. Thus, identifying high‐risk individuals for targeted lung cancer screening is crucial. Beyond age and smoking, determining other risk factors for lung cancer in the Asian population has become a focal point of research. Using 30,000 participants in the prospectively enrolled cohort at China's National Cancer Center (NCC) over the past 14 years, we categorized participants by risk, with an emphasis on nonsmoking females. Materials and Method s : Between November 2005 and December 2019, 31,431 individuals voluntarily underwent low‐dose computed tomography (LDCT) scans for lung cancer screening at the NCC. We recorded details like smoking history, exposure to hazards, and family history of malignant tumors. Using the 2019 NCCN criteria, participants were categorized into high‐, moderate‐, and low‐risk groups. Additionally, we separated non‐high‐risk groups into female never smokers (aged over 40) exposed to second‐hand smoke (SHS) and others. Any positive results from initial scans were monitored per the I‐ELCAP protocol (2006), and suspected malignancies were addressed through collaborative decisions between patients and physicians. We analyzed and compared the detection rates of positive results, confirmed lung cancers, and cancer stages across risk, age, and gender groups. Results: Out of 31,431 participants (55.9% male, 44.1% female), 3695 (11.8%) showed positive baseline LDCT scans with 197 (0.6%; 106 females, 91 males) confirmed as lung cancer cases pathologically. Malignancy rate by age was 0.1% among those aged under 40 years, 0.4% among those aged 40–49 years, 0.8% among those aged 50–59 years, and 1.2% among those aged 60 years and older. From the 25,763 participants (56.9% male, 43.1% female) who completed questionnaires, 1877 (7.3%) were categorized as high risk, 6500 (25.2%) as moderate risk, and 17,386 (67.5%) as low risk. Of the 23,886 in the non‐high‐risk category, 8041 (33.7%) were females over 40 years old exposed to SHS. The high‐risk group showed the highest lung cancer detection rate at 1.4%. However, females exposed to SHS had a notably higher detection rate than the rest of the non‐high‐risk group (1.1% vs. 0.5%; p < 0.0001). In this cohort, 84.8% of the detected lung cancers were at an early stage. Conclusions: In our study, using LDCT for lung cancer screening proved significant for high‐risk individuals. For non‐high‐risk populations, LDCT screening could be considered for nonsmoking women with exposure to SHS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the association between habitual tea consumption and transitions between frailty states among older adults in China. A prospective cohort study based on the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Study. A total of 23,720 older adults aged ≥65 years with complete data regarding frailty status and tea consumption were recruited. The frequency and consistency of tea consumption were introduced to evaluate levels of tea consumption. The frailty index was used to define frailty status (frail and nonfrail). Frailty transition was classified into remaining nonfrail, improvement, worsening, and remaining frail groups. Logistic regression models were applied. The overall frailty prevalence at baseline was 19.1%, being lower among consistent daily tea drinkers (12.5%) and higher among non-tea drinkers (21.9%). Logistic regression analyses showed that the risk of frailty was significantly reduced among consistent daily tea drinkers after adjusting for all confounders [odds ratio (OR), 0.81; 95% CI, 0.67–0.98]. During the 3-year follow-up, improvement in frailty status was more common among consistent daily tea drinkers (50.9%) than non-tea drinkers (40.9%), and this trend was opposite in participants with worsened frailty status (consistent daily tea drinkers: 12.2%) vs non-tea drinkers: 19.2%). Further analysis showed that consistent daily tea drinkers were significantly associated with improvement in frailty status (OR, 3.24; 95% CI, 1.02–10.31) and remaining in a nonfrail state (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.00–1.83). In addition, daily tea consumption was observed to be positively associated with remaining in a nonfrail state and inversely associated with worsened frailty status in men, but not in women. Older people consuming tea daily tend to have an improved frailty status in the future. Men with daily tea consumption were less likely to have a worsened frailty status. Advocating for the traditional lifestyle of drinking tea could be a promising way to advance healthy aging for older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insufficient immune cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment (TME) greatly compromises the clinical application of immune‐checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)‐based immunotherapy. Recent findings have shown that activation of the cyclic GMP‐AMP synthase‐stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS‐STING) pathway can enhance natural immunity and increase lymphocyte infiltration into the TME, which presents a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we constructed hydroxyapatite nanoparticles co‐loaded with curcumin and L‐oxaliplatin (Cur/L‐OHP@HAP NPs). We analyzed the particle‐size distribution, zeta potential, spectral characteristics (Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy), and drug‐release properties of the Cur/L‐OHP@HAP NPs. The cellular uptake of the Cur/L‐OHP@HAP NPs detected by flow cytometry and confocal laser‐scanning microscopy. We comprehensively evaluated the anti‐tumor properties and immune‐activating effects of the NPs, both in vitro and in vivo. Physicochemical characterizations demonstrated that the Cur/L‐OHP@HAP NPs were successfully synthesized and were capable of pH‐dependent drug release. Notably, the Cur/L‐OHP@HAP NPs efficiently entered cancer cells, after which the released L‐OHP induced nuclear DNA (nDNA) damage to some extent. HAP promoted the release of intracellular Ca2+ stores in cancer cells, and curcumin inhibited Ca2+ efflux, resulting in intracellular Ca2+ overload and the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Damage to both nDNA and mtDNA greatly stimulated the cGAS‐STING pathway, thereby activating natural immunity, accompanied by immune cell recruitment to the TME. In summary, the Cur/L‐OHP@HAP NPs show good prospects for improving cancer immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, published in the Chemistry of Natural Compounds journal, explores the use of the OSMAC strategy to enhance the diversity and yield of bioactive compounds from the endophytic fungus Xylaria sp. GDG-102. The fungus was cultivated in a rice medium with monosodium glutamate, resulting in the isolation of nine compounds with antibacterial properties against various bacteria. The article also presents crystal data for one of the compounds, (αR)-3-chloro-α,4-dihydroxybenzeneacetamide, for the first time. The text provides detailed information about the chemical properties of these compounds, including their molecular formulas, physical characteristics, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. The research received support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation of China. [Extracted from the article]

Acute kidney injury (AKI) was reported to be one of the initiators of chronic kidney disease (CKD) development. Necroinflammation may contribute to the progression from AKI to CKD. Dexmedetomidine (Dex), a highly selective α 2 -adrenoreceptor (AR) agonist, has cytoprotective and "anti-" inflammation effects. This study was designed to investigate the anti-fibrotic properties of Dex in sepsis models. C57BL/6 mice were randomly treated with an i.p. injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) (10 mg/kg) alone, LPS with Dex (25 μg/kg), or LPS, Dex and Atipamezole (Atip, an α 2 -adrenoreceptor antagonist) (500 μg/kg) (n=5/group). Human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK2) were also cultured and then exposed to LPS (1 μg/ml) alone, LPS and Dex (1 μM), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) (5 ng/ml) alone, TGF-β1 and Dex, with or without Atip (100 μM) in culture media. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell necrosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation were then determined. Dex treatment significantly alleviated LPS-induced AKI, myofibroblast activation, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and necroptosis in mice. Atip counteracted its protective effects. Dex attenuated LPS or TGF-β1 induced EMT and also prevented necrosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis in response to LPS stimulation in the HK2 cells. The anti-EMT effects of Dex were associated with JNK phosphorylation. Dex reduced EMT following LPS stimulation whilst simultaneously inhibiting pyroptosis and necroptosis via α 2 -AR activation in the renal tubular cells. The "anti-fibrotic" and cytoprotective properties and its clinical use of Dex need to be further studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the development and challenges of forensic medicine in Africa, comparing it to developed countries. It addresses limited resources, funding, and a shortage of trained professionals. The growth of forensic investigation capabilities and the challenges of funding and technology access are discussed. Training and education have improved, but disparities remain. Partnerships with developed countries and international organizations are crucial to bridge the gap. A comprehensive legal framework is important, but disparities exist among African countries. Harmonizing forensic laws would enhance cooperation. The role of forensic medicine in the criminal justice system is examined, emphasizing the need to build trust in forensic evidence. International collaboration and capacity building are key to advancing forensic medicine in Africa. Investments in infrastructure, funding, training, and legal frameworks are required. By leveraging partnerships, Africa can develop its forensic medicine capabilities for a fair and effective criminal justice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This work aims to provide a comprehensive comparison of the various melting methods in terms of their accuracy and efficiency. • The impact of the atomic numbers, heating and cooling rates, crystal defects, and nucleation processes for T m is discussed. • The driving degree of the different proportions of a solid and the number of solid–liquid interfaces on melting behaviors are explored. • To further enhance the accuracy of T m calculations, we propose a new approach termed the modified two–phase method. Machine learning approaches have been extensively applied to improve the accuracy and reliability of potentials, addressing inherent limitations in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Notably, the precise determination of the melting temperature (T m) relies on MD simulations, necessitating a comprehensive review of available melting models. This study aims to present a thorough comparison of various melting methods, including the single–phase method, hysteresis method, Z method, modified Z method, void method, modified void method, two–phase method, and sandwich method, considering both accuracy and efficiency. These melting models are systematically categorized into three groups: perfect crystals, crystal defects, and solid–liquid interfaces. The impact of factors such as atomic numbers, heating and cooling rates, crystal defects, and nucleation processes on T m is discussed. Additionally, the temperatures corresponding to the superheating limit and the amorphous transition induced by heating and cooling rates during melting and crystallization processes are analyzed. Furthermore, the study explores the impact of different proportions of solid and the number of solid–liquid interfaces on melting behaviors. To further enhance the accuracy of T m calculations, we propose a new approach termed the modified two–phase method, integrating the void method and two–phase method to account for crystal defects and solid–liquid coexistence, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass waste, an attractive renewable carbon source, has great potential for carbon reduction. In recent years, high-performance porous carbon materials prepared from agricultural and forestry waste have demonstrated significant promise for applications in the field of dye wastewater purification. In this study, cork waste from Quercus variabilis was utilized as a raw material, melamine as a nitrogen source, and K 2 CO 3 as a green activator to prepare nitrogen-doped porous cork activated carbon (NCAC) with a honeycomb structure. The results showed that NCAC-900, activated at 900 °C, exhibited a highly porous structure with an optimal specific surface area of 2051.35 m2/g and a pore volume of 1.18 cm3/g. To evaluate its adsorption performance towards rhodamine B (RhB), collaborative activation and post-treatment were employed to enhance the adsorption capacity of the dyes. NCAC-900 demonstrated excellent removal efficiency, with a theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of 2552.52 mg/g (at an adsorbent dosage of 0.2 g/L) in a 300 mg/L solution. Nitrogen doping effectively improved the adsorption capacity for RhB, fitting well to the quasi-secondary kinetic model (R2 = 0.9973–0.9999) and Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.7697–0.9523) for the adsorption kinetics and equilibrium data. A comparison with the existing literature also revealed that NCAC-900 possessed a remarkably fast adsorption rate of 12.82 mg/g/min. Moreover, the resorption efficiency of NCAC-900 for RhB reached approximately 66.78% after five consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles. Additionally, the obtained nitrogen-doped cork activated carbon exhibited impressive adsorption capabilities of anionic dye Congo red (CR, q m =1499.14 mg/g) and cationic dye methylene blue (MB, q m =571.54 mg/g). In conclusion, our work presented a promising method for preparing excellent NCAC as an efficient adsorbent for wastewater dyes, offering new ideas and theoretical foundations for the high-value utilization of cork materials and the development of cork activated carbon. [Display omitted] • NCAC with a honeycomb structure was prepared using a green activator. • Successful N- doping on the surface of CBC facilitated the adsorption of dyes. • The prepared NCAC offered new ideas for the high-value utilization of cork. • NCAC-900 had maximum theoretical adsorption capacity was 2552.52 mg/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue adhesives have attracted intense and increasing interest due to their multiple biomedical applications. Despite the rapid development of adhesive hydrogels, huge challenges remain for materials that can ensure strong adhesion and seal hemostasis in aqueous and blood environments. To address this issue, we have developed an innovative design of PAA-based coacervate hydrogel with strong wet adhesion capability through a simple mixture of PAA copolymers with oxidized-carboxymethylcellulose (OCMC), and tannic acid (TA) as the main components, and structurally enhanced with natural clays (Laponite XLG). The absorbed TA provides solid adhesion to dry and wet substrates via multiple interactions, which endows the XLG-enhanced coacervate with the desired underwater adhesive strength. More importantly, the dielectric constant is introduced to evaluate the polarity of the tested samples, which may be used as guidance for the design of mussel-inspired adhesives with even better underwater adhesive properties. In vivo hemorrhage experiments further confirmed that the hydrogel adhesive dramatically shortened the hemostatic time to tens of seconds. Overall, the persistent adhesion and acceptable cytocompatibility of the hydrogel nanocomposite make it a promising alternative suture-free approach for rapid hemostasis at different length scales and is expected to be extended to clinical application for other organ injuries. A dielectric constant was introduced to evaluate the polarity of the Laponite nanoparticle-crosslinked hydrogel adhesives with efficient underwater specific adhesion for rapid hemostasis, which provides a semiquantitative parameter to correlates the contribution of polymer polarity to the underwater adhesive properties. [Display omitted] • Laponite XLG-enhanced composite injectable hydrogel adhesives with strong wet adhesion capability were developed. • A dielectric constant was introduced to evaluate the polarity of the hydrogel adhesives. • Composite hydrogels can promote cell adhesion and proliferation and show rapid hemostasis capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue adhesives have attracted intense and increasing interest due to their multiple biomedical applications. Despite the rapid development of adhesive hydrogels, huge challenges remain for materials that can ensure strong adhesion and seal hemostasis in aqueous and blood environments. To address this issue, we have developed an innovative design of PAA-based coacervate hydrogel with strong wet adhesion capability through a simple mixture of PAA copolymers with oxidized-carboxymethylcellulose (OCMC), and tannic acid (TA) as the main components, and structurally enhanced with natural clays (Laponite XLG). The absorbed TA provides solid adhesion to dry and wet substrates via multiple interactions, which endows the XLG-enhanced coacervate with the desired underwater adhesive strength. More importantly, the dielectric constant is introduced to evaluate the polarity of the tested samples, which may be used as guidance for the design of mussel-inspired adhesives with even better underwater adhesive properties. In vivo hemorrhage experiments further confirmed that the hydrogel adhesive dramatically shortened the hemostatic time to tens of seconds. Overall, the persistent adhesion and acceptable cytocompatibility of the hydrogel nanocomposite make it a promising alternative suture-free approach for rapid hemostasis at different length scales and is expected to be extended to clinical application for other organ injuries. A dielectric constant was introduced to evaluate the polarity of the Laponite nanoparticle-crosslinked hydrogel adhesives with efficient underwater specific adhesion for rapid hemostasis, which provides a semiquantitative parameter to correlates the contribution of polymer polarity to the underwater adhesive properties. [Display omitted] • Laponite XLG-enhanced composite injectable hydrogel adhesives with strong wet adhesion capability were developed. • A dielectric constant was introduced to evaluate the polarity of the hydrogel adhesives. • Composite hydrogels can promote cell adhesion and proliferation and show rapid hemostasis capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Hyperthermia driven by near-infrared light can trigger tumor immunogenic cell death that plays a vital role in photothermal immunotherapy (PTIT). • Rational design of nanocarriers from a multidimensional perspective, including various categories and structural components, physicochemical characteristics, and functional diversity, can evade the biological barriers to nanodrug delivery during PTIT. • An overview of several collaborative strategies to augment tumor infiltration of immune cells and restore tumor immune surveillance is presented, such as directly amplified immune response, reversal of immunosuppressive environment, and remodeling of typical TME features. • Primary challenges and development prospects in PTIT are critically summarized, and the potential solutions to its current drawbacks are also legitimately indicated. Currently, photothermal immunotherapy (PTIT) using functionalized photothermal nanoplatforms synergized with immune-related drugs has been shown in numerous studies to be successful in the treatment of primary, recurrent, or metastatic cancers. Generally, hyperthermia driven by near-infrared light can stimulate a certain antitumor immune response by inducing immunogenic cell death while directly ablating tumor cells. However, single photothermal therapy is insufficient to initiate a comprehensive host immune program against tumors, and tumor tissue contains a complex immunosuppressive microenvironment, necessitating the combination of other cooperative therapeutic strategies that can enhance immune response or block immune suppression for increased PTIT efficacy. Given the biological delivery barriers of nanomedicine in PTIT, the reasonable design of nanocarriers from a multidimensional perspective is emphatically discussed here, primarily involving material categories and structural constituents, diverse physicochemical properties, and functional diversity. Furthermore, the impact of exceedingly complex variables in the tumor microenvironment (TME) on PTIT should be considered, such as poor immunogenicity, immunosuppression, hypoxia, and dense extracellular matrix. So, several collaborative strategies to augment tumor infiltration of immune cells and restore tumor immune surveillance are currently summarized, including directly amplified immune responses, reversal of immunosuppressive environments, and remodeling of typical TME features. Finally, the pre-clinical and clinical issues in existing PTIT techniques based on functionalized nanoplatforms are critically criticized, and some potential solutions are given accordingly. In any case, this review aims to offer a series of suitable nanomaterial designs and optimal treatment methodologies for PTIT research, as well as suggest some ideas for future forays into clinical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]