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Abstract The controlled shock wave (CSW) fracturing is an effective method for enhancing permeability of coal seam to promote gas extraction. Based on Fick’s law, Darcy’s law, the ideal gas law and the Langmuir equation, a damage-seepage-deformation coupling mathematical model of CSW fracturing in coal seam combined with the maximum tensile stress and the Mohr-Coulomb criterion is established. This model is implemented into COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate the coal seam CSW fracturing and subsequent gas extraction. When the shock wave and isotropic in-situ stress are applied on the borehole wall, the coal damage zone is an annular shape, and the permeability in the damage zone increases sharply. The CSW can effectively increase the efficiency of gas extraction and reduce the gas pressure and gas content in coal seam. With the increase of CSW action times, the damage in coal mass reaches a threshold and tends to be stable after several shocks. The damage area and the gas extraction efficiency are positively correlated with the shock intensity. Under the anisotropic ground stress, the larger diversity of the stress in different directions is, the more obvious damage extension in the fractured coal along the maximum stress direction is. Ground stress can inhibit the extension of cracks in the CSW fractured coal seam. This inhibition effect becomes more obvious with the increase of in-situ stress. Parameters are substantiated of controlled shock wave impact on the coal seam, which ensures increased methane extraction from low-permeability reservoirs, are substantiated.

Abstract Rose is an important ornamental crop cultivated globally for perfume production. However, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying scent production and molecular breeding for fragrance is hindered by the lack of a reference genome for tea roses. We present the first complete telomere-to-telomere (T2T) genome of Rosa gigantea, with high quality (QV > 60), including detailed characterization of the structural features of repetitive regions. The expansion of genes associated with phenylpropanoid biosynthesis may account for the unique tea scent. We uncover the release rhythm of aromatic volatile organic compounds and their gene regulatory networks through comparative genomics and time-ordered gene co-expression networks. Analyzes of eugenol homologs demonstrate how plants attract pollinators using specialized phenylpropanoids in specific tissues. This study highlights the conservation and utilization of genetic diversity from wild endangered species through multi-omics approaches, providing a scientific foundation for enhancing rose fragrance via de novo domestication.

This paper utilizes deep learning and street view images to extract visual variables and explore the interactive effects and spatial impacts of the built environment on hotel prices with GeoDetector and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) models. The results indicate that hotel prices are influenced by multiple factors in a coupled manner, with combined effects more substantial than individual drivers; the visual quality of the built environment can influence consumers’ perception and willingness to stay, thereby affecting hotel prices; MGWR, compared to traditional statistical models, demonstrates superior explanatory power for hotels, accurately identifying the spatial heterogeneity of factors influencing hotel prices; and by elucidating the bandwidth influence and spatial differentiation pattern of each factor, this study provides a reference for hotel site selection, price adjustment, and urban planning.

Traditional villages possess distinct regional cultural traits and serve as a concrete manifestation and inheritance of traditional culture. In today’s era, where the preservation of traditional villages is emphasized, the study of Korean traditional villages in Northeast China, with their ethnic culture and unique spatial patterns, becomes significantly important. In this paper, we adopt the spatial gene perspective and establish a framework for analyzing spatial genes in traditional villages. Based on frequency analysis of qualitative data obtained from NVivo 14, 16 spatial gene entries were identified. Village spatial gene entries were quantified using ArcGIS, FRAGSTATS and other software. Additionally, 47 spatial gene fragments were extracted using the natural breaks method. Spatial gene sequences were mined using Spearman correlation analysis, and spatial gene maps were created. The study results indicate that: (1) the primary genes of traditional Korean villages include close to mountain, close to water, globular boundary, low integration road, etc. (2) There are significant correlations between spatial genes such as distance from mountains, mountain coverage and road integration, water coverage and boundary shape index. (3) Plain, mountain, and hill-type villages differ in characteristics such as road linear density, water coverage, and courtyard type.

ObjectiveTo establish a predictive model for distinguishing testicular benign or yolk sac tumors in children.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed data for 119 consecutive patients with unilateral testicular tumors treated at a single institution from June 2014 to July 2020. The patients were divided into the benign (n = 90) and yolk sac (n = 29) tumor groups based on the pathological diagnosis. We recorded patient age, serum markers [serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin], and tumor ultrasonic findings (maximum diameter, ultrasonic echo, blood flow signal). Predictive factors were identified using descriptive statistical methods. A nomogram was established for preoperative prediction. An additional 46 patients were used as a validation cohort to verify the model.ResultsPatients with testicular yolk sac tumors were younger (median age: 14.0 vs. 34.0 months, P = 0.001) and had a higher incidence of elevated AFP levels (93.1% vs. 2.2%, P

Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are a series of cholesterol-related transcription factors. Their role in regulating brain cholesterol biosynthesis, amyloid accumulation, and tau tangles formation has been intensively studied in protein-protein interaction analysis based on genes in clinical databases. SREBPs play an important role in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis in the brain. There are three subtypes of SREBPs, SREBP-1a stimulates the expression of genes related to cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis, SREBP-1c stimulates adipogenesis, and SREBP-2 stimulates cholesterol synthase and LDL receptors. SREBP-2 is activated in response to cholesterol depletion and stimulates a compensatory upregulation of cholesterol uptake and synthesis. Previous studies have shown that inhibition of SREBP-2 reduces cholesterol and amyloid accumulation, and new research suggests that SREBPs play a multifaceted role in Alzheimer's disease. Here, we highlight the importance of SREBPs in AD, in terms of multiple pathways regulating cholesterol in the brain, and primarily demonstrate the potential of SREBP-2 inhibitors. There was a trend towards a significant increase in the expression levels of different SREBP isoforms in AD patients compared to healthy controls. Therefore, there is a close link between SREBPs and AD, and this review analyses the potential role of SREBPs in the treatment of AD. In addition, we systematically reviewed the research progress of SREBPs in AD, and this review will provide more innovative insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of AD and new strategies for drug development in AD.

Objective: Filamin B (FLNB) encodes an actin-binding protein that is known to function as a novel RNA-binding protein involved in cell movement and signal transduction and plays a pivotal role in bone growth. This study aimed to investigate possible FLNB function in the skeletal system by characterizing the effecs of FLNB knockdown in mouse preosteoblast cells. Methods: Stable FLNB MC3T3-E1 knockdown cells were constructed for RNA-seq and alternative splicing event (ASE) analysis of genes involved in osteoblast differentiation and function that may be regulated by FLNB. Standard transwell, MTT, ALP, qPCR, Western blot, and alizarin red staining assays were used to assess functional changes of FLNB-knockdown MC3T3-E1 cells. Results: Analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in FLNB knockdown cells revealed enrichment for genes related to osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and migration, such as ITGA10, Cebpβ, Grem1, etc. Alternative splicing (AS) analysis showed changes in the predominant mRNA isoforms of skeletal development-related genes, especially Tpx2 and Evc. Functional asslysis indicated that proliferation, migration, and differentiation were all inhibited upon FLNB knockdown in MC3T3-E1 cells compared to that in vector control cells. Conclusions: FLNB participates in regulating the transcription and AS of genes required for osteoblast development and function, consequently affecting growth and development in MC3T3-E1 cells.

This study innovatively investigates the interplay among flow, self-efficacy, learning motivation, and learning outcomes in music education, shedding light on the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying these relationships. Employing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), it analyzes data from 241 music students in the Guangdong region to empirically test the research hypotheses. The results reveal that flow not only directly predicts learning outcomes (β = 0.411) but also indirectly influences them through the serial mediation of self-efficacy and learning motivation (β = 0.026). Moreover, this study uncovers the crucial moderating role of prior experience, showing that the relationships between flow, self-efficacy, and learning outcomes are stronger for students with higher levels of prior experience. These findings not only advance the understanding of flow theory but also provide insights into how to create flow-conducive environments in music education and offer practical implications for designing differentiated teaching strategies based on students' prior experience levels.

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the vessel density (VD) of the macular superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and its associated factors in healthy subjects. Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional study enrolled healthy Chinese volunteers. The optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was used to measure the superficial VD in macula. A generalized estimation equation (GEE) model was used to analyze the ocular and systemic associated factors. Results: A total of 516 eyes of 262 healthy subjects were included (mean age 38.59 ± 21.03 years). The total VD of macular SCP was 16.85 ± 2.28 mm−1. The VD in the inner ring and outer ring were significantly higher than that in the central ring, with the density being highest in nasal quadrant and lowest in the superior quadrant. After adjusting the ocular and systemic factors, age (β=-0.0085, P = 0.0122) and SSI (β=1.3261, P < 0.001) were significantly associated with total VD of the macular SCP. Conclusions: Among the healthy Chinese subjects included in the study, the mean total VD of macular SCP was 16.85 ± 2.28mm-1. The macular superficial capillary density was positively associated with age and SSI. Further studies are still required to better understand the change of macular VD in aging and other pathological conditions.

Background: The detrimental effects of air pollution on the respiratory system are well documented. Previous research has established a correlation between air pollutant concentration and the frequency of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness. However, studies investigating the variations in infection among different influenza subtypes remain sparse. We aimed to determine the correlation between air pollutant levels and different influenza subtypes in Sichuan Province, China. Methods: A generalized additive model and distributed lag nonlinear model were employed to assess the association between air pollutants and influenza subtypes, utilizing daily influenza data obtained from 30 hospitals across 21 cities in Sichuan Province. The analysis considered the temporal effects and meteorological factors. The study spanned from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2019. To provide a more precise evaluation of the actual impact of air pollution on different subtypes of influenza, we also performed subgroup analyses based on factors such as gender, age, and geography within the population. Results: During the investigation, 17,462 specimens from Sichuan Province tested positive for influenza. Among these, 12,607 and 4855 were diagnosed with Flu A and B, respectively. The related risk of influenza A infection significantly increased following exposure to PM2.5 on Lag2 days (RR=1.008, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.000–1.016), SO2 and CO on Lag1 days (RR=1.121, 95 % CI: 1.032–1.219; RR=1.151, 95 % CI: 1.030–1.289), and NO2 on Lag0 day (RR=1.089, 95 % CI: 1.035–1.145). PM10 and SO2 levels on Lag0 day, PM2.5 levels on Lag1 day, and CO levels on Lag6 day, with a reduced risk of influenza B (RR=0.987, 95 % CI: 0.976–0.997; RR=0.817, 95 % CI: 0.676–0.987; RR=0.979, 95 % CI: 0.970–0.989; RR=0.814, 95 % CI: 0.561–0.921). Conclusion: The findings from the overall population and subgroup analyses indicated that the impact of air pollutant concentrations on influenza A and B is inconsistent, with influenza A demonstrating greater susceptibility to these pollutants. Minimizing the levels of SO2, CO, NO2, and PM2.5 can significantly decrease the likelihood of contracting influenza A. Analyzing the influence of environmental contaminants on different influenza subtypes can provide insights into seasonal influenza trends and guide the development of preventive and control strategies.

BackgroundCNV in KCTD13 has been identified to influence androgen receptor function via its changes in gene dosage, which might contribute to hypospadias. However, there is lack of population-level evidence to assess the contribution of KCTD13 CNV to hypospadias.Methods349 isolated hypospadias patients were recruited and their genotyping was performed using real-time qPCR. We use Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) and CNV calls from SNP-array intensity data in 1,008 Chinese healthy men as reference.Results11.17% of patients were identified to have KCTD13 CNV deletion, significantly higher than 0.05% in DGV (P 0.05).ConclusionsWe demonstrate KCTD13 CNV deletion is strongly associated with hypospadias and its severity, but duplication is not, characterizing KCTD13 genetic variation in more detail than previously described.

Dry-type on-board traction transformers have attracted considerable attention because of their lightweight and flameproof characteristics. The temperature distribution of winding areas is a critical indicator for representing operation performance. This study developed a calculation model for the dynamic temperature distribution of winding areas in dry-type on-board traction transformers under time-varying environments. First, a dynamic temperature calculation model was proposed based on the principle of thermoelectric analogy. Next, for addressing the transient outlet temperature of air ducts in the model, the influences of environment parameters and air duct size on heat dissipation were investigated, and a calculation model for the transient outlet temperature was proposed. Finally, the validity of the proposed dynamic temperature calculation method was verified experimentally, and the method was compared with conventional computational fluid dynamics numerical simulation using line data. The results revealed that for various structural parameters and time-varying operation scenarios, the proposed method could accurately obtain the temperature distribution in the winding area and could save more than 99% of the time cost compared with the conventional method.© 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

This study aimed to examine the antifungal effects of nine monoterpenes on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum via the mycelial growth rate method. The effects of carvacrol on the morphological structures of hyphae were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The oxalic acid (OA), total protein contents, and the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes, including chitinase, cellulase and β-1,3-glucanase, were assessed. The results showed that the antifungal rates of carvacrol, thymol and eugenol reached 100% at a concentration of 400 mg/L, and the EC50 values of carvacrol, thymol, and eugenol were 43.40, 56.22, and 86.63 mg/L, respectively. The treatment of S. sclerotiorum with carvacrol had no significant effect on sclerotia formation, but the mycelial surface was shrivelled, uneven and broken, with cytoplasm flowing out. The OA content of S. sclerotiorum was significantly reduced to 133.78 µg/mL after treatment with carvacrol. Additionally, the total protein content of S. sclerotiorum mycelia in the carvacrol treatment group was significantly reduced to 15.67 µg/mL compared with that of the control group, and the activity of cellulase in the carvacrol treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group.

Abstract Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency pose global public health challenges, yet research on serum vitamin D levels in the 0–17-year-old age group in southeastern China remains limited. This study aimed to fill this gap by investigating serum 25(OH)D levels in children in the region aged 0–17 years, contributing crucial data for understanding vitamin D nutritional status. Liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC‒MS/MS) technology was used. Vitamin D testing was integrated into routine diagnostic procedures for 11,116 children in Wujiang District, Suzhou City. Among the 0–17-year age group, comprising 6348 boys and 4768 girls, the prevalence of serum 25(OH)D deficiency and insufficiency was 21.4% and 31.0%, respectively. The median serum 25(OH)D concentration was 29.72 ng/mL (21.84–39.84 ng/mL) in boys compared to 28.48 ng/mL (20.65–39.23 ng/mL) in girls. Seasonal variations were observed, with median serum 25(OH)D concentrations of 29.02 ng/mL (20.73–39.72 ng/mL) in spring, 28.79 ng/mL (21.53–39.37 ng/mL) in summer, 30.12 ng/mL (22.00–39.70 ng/mL) in autumn, and 28.58 ng/mL (19.97–39.46 ng/mL) in winter. Statistically significant differences were noted in the serum 25(OH)D levels during autumn and winter. In conclusion, the rate of adequate vitamin D levels in local children was 47.5%, revealing a relatively high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (21.4%) and insufficiency (31.0%), especially during the post-preschool period. Advocating for vitamin D supplementation in children is crucial for ensuring adequate vitamin D support.

Abstract With the continuous increase of mining in depth, the gas extraction faces the challenges of low permeability, great ground stress, high temperature and large gas pressure in coal seam. The controllable shock wave (CSW), as a new method for enhancing permeability of coal seam to improve gas extraction, features in the advantages of high efficiency, eco-friendly, and low cost. In order to better utilize the CSW into gas extraction in coal mine, the mechanism and feasibility of CSW enhanced extraction need to be studied. In this paper, the basic principles, the experimental tests, the mathematical models, and the on-site tests of CSW fracturing coal seams are reviewed, thereby its future research directions are provided. Based on the different media between electrodes, the CSW can be divided into three categories: hydraulic effect, wire explosion and excitation of energetic materials by detonating wire. During the process of propagation and attenuation of the high-energy shock wave in coal, the shock wave and bubble pulsation work together to produce an enhanced permeability effect on the coal seam. The stronger the strength of the CSW is, the more cracks created in the coal is, and the greater the length, width and area of the cracks being. The repeated shock on the coal seam is conducive to the formation of complex network fracture system as well as the reduction of coal seam strength, but excessive shock frequency will also damage the coal structure, resulting in the limited effect of the enhanced gas extraction. Under the influence of ground stress, the crack propagation in coal seam will be restrained. The difference of horizontal principal stress has a significant impact on the shape, propagation direction and connectivity of the CSW induced cracks. The permeability enhancement effect of CSW is affected by the breakage degree of coal seam. The shock wave is absorbed by the broken coal, which may hinder the propagation of CSW, resulting in a poor effect of permeability enhancement. When arranging two adjacent boreholes for CSW permeability enhancement test, the spacing of boreholes should not be too close, which may lead to negative pressure mutual pulling in the early stage of drainage. At present, the accurate method for effectively predicting the CSW permeability enhanced range should be further investigated.

Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate the association between the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index in early pregnancy and the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in the second trimester. The primary objectives were to evaluate the predictive potential of the TyG index for GDM, determine the optimal threshold value of the TyG index for GDM assessment, and compare the predictive performance of the TyG index alone versus its combination with maternal age and pre-pregnancy body mass index on GDM. Moreover, the study explored the association between the TyG index in early pregnancy and the risk of other pregnancy-related complications (PRCs), such as placental abruption and gestational hypertension. Patients and methods This prospective cohort study recruited 1,624 pregnant women who underwent early pregnancy antenatal counseling and comprehensive assessments with continuous monitoring until delivery. To calculate the TyG index, health indicators, including maternal triglycerides and fasting plasma glucose, were measured in early pregnancy (

BackgroundEnfortumab vedotin (EV) is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that has been approved by the FDA for patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC). This study presents a comprehensive pharmacovigilance analysis of the post-marketing safety profile of EV in the real-world based on the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS).MethodsAdverse event (AE) reports regarding EV between January 2020 and December 2023 were obtained from the FAERS database. The standardized MedDRA query (SMQ) narrow search AEs on the preferred term (PT) level were used. Disproportionality analysis was performed to identify the AE signals for EV with the reporting odds ratio (ROR), proportional reporting ratio (PRR), multi-item gamma Poisson shrinker (MGPS), and Bayesian confidence propagation neural network (BCPNN).ResultsA total of 2,216 reports regarding EV were included in the present study. SMQ analysis results indicated that a stronger strength signal was found in severe cutaneous adverse reactions, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and peripheral neuropathy. A total of 116 significant disproportionality PTs referring to 14 system organ classes (SOCs) were retained by disproportionality analysis, with 49 PTs not listed on the EV drug label. Frequently reported EV-related AEs included rash, peripheral neuropathy, decreased appetite, alopecia, and pruritus. The time to onset of the majority of EV-related AEs was within 30 days (66.05%), with only 0.73% events occurring after 1 year.ConclusionThe disproportionality analysis highlights that dermatologic toxicity and peripheral neuropathy were the major AEs induced by EV. The potential AEs not listed on the drug label were mainly related to gastrointestinal, hepatic, and pulmonary events. Further research is needed to confirm and explore the EV-related AEs in clinical practice.

Abstract Introduction Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common malignant tumor in respiratory system. Methyltransferase‐like 1 (METTL1) is a driver of m7G modification in mRNA. This study aimed to demonstrate the role of METTL1 in the proliferation, invasion and Gefitinib‐resistance of LUAD. Methods Public datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) and GSE31210 datasets. Malignant tumor phenotypes were tested in vitro and in vivo through biological function assays and nude mouse with xenograft tumors. RNA immunoprecipitation assays were conducted to determine the interaction between METTL1 protein and FOXM1 mRNA. Public transcriptional database, Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase report assays were conducted to detect the downstream target of a transcriptional factor FOXM1. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated to evaluate the sensitivity to Gefitinib in LUAD cells. Results The results showed that METTL1 was upregulated in LUAD, and the high expression of METTL1 was associated with unfavorable prognosis. Through the m7G‐dependent manner, METTL1 improved the RNA stability of FOXM1, leading to the up‐regulation of FOXM1. FOXM1 transcriptionally suppressed PTPN13 expression. The METTL1/FOXM1/PTPN13 axis reduced the sensitivity of LUAD cells to Gefitinib. Taken together, our data suggested that METTL1 plays oncogenic role in LUAD through inducing the m7G modification of FOXM1, therefore METTL1 probably is a new potential therapeutic target to counteract Gefitinib resistance in LUAD.

Engineered cementitious composites (ECC), which are a kind of novel composite building material with high ductility and high toughness, can be utilized in areas susceptible to salt-freezing damage, such as that caused by snowmelt agents, seawater, and saline soils. In this paper, engineered cementitious composites reinforced with polyethylene fibers (PE) are analyzed to study the changes in the flexural static load properties, and flexural fatigue life of PE-ECC specimens after four different freeze-thaw cycles (0, 50, 100 and 150) in fresh water and a 3.5 % mass fraction NaCl solution. The results show that upon reaching 150 freeze-thaw cycles, there was a notable disparity in the relative equivalent flexural strength between specimens subjected to chloride salt freeze-thaw and freshwater freeze-thaw environments, with the former exhibiting a 1.07-fold increase in damage compared to the latter specimens. Using the relative dynamic elastic modulus as the damage variable, a relationship model was made between the relative equivalent flexural strength and the freeze-thaw damage degree of PE-ECC in two freeze-thaw environments. The flexural fatigue life of PE-ECC after freeze-thaw obeyed a two-parameter Weibull distribution, and the P-S-N curves at various reliability probabilities correlated well with the test results. The safety coefficient of PE-ECC varied with changes in freeze-thaw conditions, necessitating an increase in the safety coefficient to assure structural safety in locations with more severe freeze-thaw damage. The results of this study can serve as a reference for the development of freeze-thaw-resistant designs for PE-ECC structures in future applications.

Ferroptosis, a cell death pathway dependent on iron, has been shown in research to play a role in the development, advancement, and outlook of tumours through ferroptosis-related lncRNAs (FRLRs). However, the value of the FRLRs in bladder cancer (BLCA) has not been thoroughly investigated. This research project involved developing a predictive model using ten specific FRLRs (AC099850.4, AL731567.1, AL133415.1, AC021321.1, SPAG5-AS1, HMGA2-AS1, RBMS3-AS3, AC006160.1, AL583785.1, and AL662844.4) through univariate COX and LASSO regression techniques. The validation of this signature as a standalone predictor was confirmed in a group of 65 patients from the urology bladder tumour database at the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University in Wenzhou, China. Patients were categorized based on their median risk score into either a low-risk group or a high-risk group. Enrichment analysis identified possible molecular mechanisms that could explain the variations in clinical outcomes observed in high-risk and low-risk groups. Moreover, we explored the correlation between FLPS and immunotherapy-related indicators. The ability of FLPS to forecast the effectiveness of immunotherapy was validated by the elevated levels of immune checkpoint genes (PD-L1, CTLA4, and PD-1) in the group at high risk. We also screened the crucial FRLR (HMGA2-AS1) through congruent expression and prognostic conditions and established a ceRNA network, indicating that HMGA2-AS1 may affect epithelial-mesenchymal transition by modulating the Wnt signalling pathway through the ceRNA mechanism. We identified the top five mRNAs (NFIB, NEGR1, JAZF1, JCAD, and ESM1) based on random forest algorithm and analysed the relationship between HMGA2-AS1, the top five mRNAs, and immunotherapy, and their interactions with drug sensitivities. Our results suggest that patients with BLCA have a greater sensitivity to four drugs (dasatinib, pazopanib, erismodegib and olaparib). Our study provides new insights into the TME, key signalling pathways, genome, and potential therapeutic targets of BLCA, with future guidance for immunotherapy and targeted precision drugs.

ObjectiveTo analyze protective effect of seasonal influenza vaccination among primary and junior middle school students during influenza outbreak in schools during 2022 – 2023 for developing influenza vaccination strategies. MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted among 4 087 students in 64 classes of 5 preschool/primary/junior middle schools with influenza outbreaks (at least two cases diagnosed in a class) during February – April 2023 in Sichuan province. The parents of the students were asked to answer an online questionnaire about the students′ information on demographics, influenza situation, and the status of influenza vaccination. The cases′ laboratory diagnosis and the students′ detailed information on seasonal vaccination were further checked in the National Infectious Disease Surveillance Information System and the Sichuan Province Planned Immunization Information Management System using Identification Card Numbers of the students. Multivariate logistic regression was adopted to calculate adjusted relative risk (RR) of influenza of the influenza vaccinees for the estimation of adjusted vaccine effectiveness (VEadj) of influenza vaccination with following formula: VEadj = (1 – RRadj) × 100%. ResultsAmong all the students surveyed, 1 352 (33.1%) had influenza onset during the outbreak period from April to June 2023, including 292 laboratory confirmed, 659 clinically diagnosed, and 401 suspected cases. There were 19.0% of students had receiving seasonal influenza vaccination, the VEadj (95% confidence interval [95%CI]) of flu vaccination was 26.0% (0.6% – 44.9%) for clinically diagnosed and laboratory confirmed cases; stratified analyses showed that for all the vaccinees with the interval time of within 14 – 120 days and within 121 – 180 days between the vaccination and influenza onset, the VEadj (95%CI) were 78.3% (59.8% – 88.3%) and 58.6% (35.6% – 73.4%); for the vaccinees with the same two interval periods but receiving quadrivalent flu vaccine, the VEadj (95%CI) were 81.4% (63.8% – 90.4%) and 62.3% (40.7% – 76.0%) and the VEadj (95%CI) were 73.4% (12.1% – 92.0%) and 87.1% (74.7% – 93.4%) for the vacinees with confirmed influenza A(H1N1) infection and the same two interval periods mentioned above, respectively. No significant protective effect of influenza vaccine for the vaccinees with the interval time of more than 180 days time.ConclusionInfluenza vaccination is of certain protective effect on preventing influenza infection among preschool/primary/junior middle school students, and the protective effect is obvious within 6 months after the seasonal vaccination. The results suggest influenza vaccination should be promoted among primary and junior middle school students to prevent influenza outbreaks in schools.

Abstract The analysis of the eddy‐current field in the wound core widely used in the field of transformer energy conservation is taken as the theme. Adopting the homogenisation idea to consider the unique geometry of the wound core and features of its equivalent multi‐stage circular cross‐section magnetic boundary, a homogeneous model consisting of a columnar material with continuous homogeneous electromagnetic anisotropy is established by deriving the Maxwell equations of the magnetic quasi‐static field in the columnar coordinate system. Finally, a homogeneous fine element model for the eddy‐current field in the wound core is established and the accuracy of the model has been verified by the test platform. The result shows that the homogeneous model can be effectively used for the analysis of the eddy‐current field in the wound core, and the error of calculating the eddy‐current loss under different excitation conditions is less than 6% under the premise of extremely saving the engineering calculation cost, which will help improve the operational performance of the wound core and contribute to the energy‐saving goal of the high‐voltage equipment.

High-flow hydraulic servo systems are extensively employed in contemporary industrial applications due to their considerable flow capacity and cost-effectiveness. Nonetheless, hydraulic servo systems frequently encounter unpredictable internal and external disturbances, and high-flow proportional directional valves always have unsatisfactory hydraulic characteristics, compromising the precision and robustness of high-flow hydraulic servo systems. This study proposes a novel control strategy integrating the Soft Actor-Critic (SAC) reinforcement learning algorithm with Adaptive Robust Control (ARC) to enhance system performance. This approach features a two-tiered controller: the upper controller utilizes the SAC algorithm to learn and adapt to the dynamics of the hydraulic servo system, iteratively refining the lower controller’s hyperparameters. Meanwhile, grounded in the ARC strategy, the lower controller executes real-time control of the hydraulic servo system. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy can effectively adjust the control hyperparameters according to the learned system dynamic and tracking errors. Consequently, this approach enhances control precision amidst varying external and internal disturbances. Moreover, this control strategy is anticipated to realize high-flow, high-precision, and high-robust hydraulic servo systems, which can be used in various fields such as marine and offshore engineering.

Abstract Background Vibrio vulnificus exists as one of the most serious foodborne pathogens for humans, and rapid and sensitive detection methods are needed to control its infections. As an emerging method, The Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assay has been applied to the early detection of various foodborne pathogens due to its high efficiency, but sample preprocessing still prolongs the complete detection. To optimize the detection process, our study established a novel sample preprocessing method that was more efficient compared to common methods. Result Using V. vulnificus as the detecting pathogen, the water-lysis-based detecting LAMP method shortened the preprocessing time to ≤ 1 min with 100% LAMP specificity; the detection limits of the LAMP assay were decreased to 1.20 × 102 CFU/mL and 1.47 × 103 CFU/g in pure culture and in oyster, respectively. Furthermore, the 100% LAMP specificity and high sensitivity of the water-lysis method were also obtained on detecting V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, and P. mirabilis, revealing its excellent LAMP adaption with improvement in sensitivity and efficiency. Conclusion Our study provided a novel LAMP preprocessing method that was more efficient compared to common methods and possessed the practical potential for LAMP application in the future.

Abstract Copper is an essential micronutrient that plays a pivotal role in numerous physiological processes in virtually all cell types. Nevertheless, the dysregulation of copper homeostasis, whether towards excess or deficiency, can lead to pathological alterations, such as atherosclerosis. With the advent of the concept of copper-induced cell death, termed cuproptosis, researchers have increasingly focused on the potential role of copper dyshomeostasis in atherosclerosis. In this review, we provide a broad overview of cellular and systemic copper metabolism. We then summarize the evidence linking copper dyshomeostasis to atherosclerosis and elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis development in terms of both copper excess and copper deficiency. Furthermore, we discuss the evidence for and mechanisms of cuproptosis, discuss its interactions with other modes of cell death, and highlight the role of cuproptosis-related mitochondrial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Finally, we explore the therapeutic strategy of targeting this novel form of cell death, aiming to provide some insights for the management of atherosclerosis.

Resurgence and spread of macrolide-resistant Bordetella pertussis (MRBP) threaten global public health. We collected 283 B. pertussis isolates during 2016–2022 in Shanghai, China, and conducted 23S rRNA gene A2047G mutation detection, multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis, and virulence genotyping analysis. We performed whole-genome sequencing on representative strains. We detected pertussis primarily in infants (0–1 years of age) before 2020 and older children (>5–10 years of age) after 2020. The major genotypes were ptxP1/prn1/fhaB3/ptxA1/ptxC1/fim2–1/fim3–1 (48.7%) and ptxP3/prn2/fhaB1/ptxA1/ptxC2/fim2-1/fim3-1 (47.7%). MRBP increased remarkably from 2016 (36.4%) to 2022 (97.2%). All MRBPs before 2020 harbored ptxP1, and 51.4% belonged to multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis type (MT) 195, whereas ptxP3-MRBP increased from 0% before 2020 to 66.7% after 2020, and all belonged to MT28. MT28 ptxP3-MRBP emerged only after 2020 and replaced the resident MT195 ptxP1-MRBP, revealing that 2020 was a watershed in the transformation of MRBP.

The relationship between the composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI), a comprehensive measure of individual dietary antioxidants, and the prevalence and mortality of metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains unknown. We aimed to explore these relationships in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We explored these relationships using two independent cohorts. First, we addressed CDAI and the prevalence of MetS in the general population; second, we explored the association between CDAI and mortality in patients with MetS by following NHANES 2001–2018 participants through December 31, 2019. In addition, restricted cubic spline (RCS), stratified analysis, and sensitivity analysis were used for further interpretation. We included 24,514 participants aged 20–85 years, in which the prevalence of MetS was 27.61 %. CDAI was negatively and dose-responsively associated with the prevalence of MetS, however it was not associated with mortality in patients with MetS. In addition, CDAI was associated with a reduced prevalence of certain components of MetS, including dyslipidemia and central obesity. RCS showed a linear correlation between CDAI and MetS and the above components. Stratified analyses indicated that alcohol consumption was a significant influence of CDAI-MetS and that socioeconomic status and lifestyle specificity existed. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the stability of the results. CDAI was protective against the development of MetS in the general population, but not against mortality in patients with MetS. Clinicians need to develop individualized prevention strategies to reduce the development of MetS by modifying CDAI.

BackgroundObservational studies suggest an association between telomere length (TL) and blood lipid (BL) levels. Nevertheless, the causal connections between these two traits remain unclear. We aimed to elucidate whether genetically predicted TL is associated with BL levels via Mendelian randomization (MR) and vice versa.MethodsWe obtained genetic instruments associated with TL, triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) from large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs). The causal relationships between TL and BL were investigated via bidirectional MR, multivariable MR and mediation analysis methods. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was employed as the principal methodology, complemented by several other estimators to enhance the robustness of the analysis.ResultsIn the forward MR analyses, we identified significant positive correlation between genetically predicted TL and the levels of TG (β=0.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01 to 0.06, p = 0.003). In the reverse MR analysis, TG (β=0.02, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.03, p = 0.004), LDL-C (β=0.03, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.04, p = 0.001) and ApoB (β=0.03, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.04, p = 9.71×10–5) were significantly positively associated with TL, although this relationship was not observed in the multivariate MR analysis. The mediation analysis via two-step MR showed no significant mediation effects acting through obesity-related phenotypes in analysis of TL with TG, while the effect of LDL-C on TL was partially mediated by body mass index (BMI) in the reverse direction, with mediated proportion of 12.83% (95% CI: 0.62% to 25.04%).ConclusionsOur study indicated that longer TL were associated with higher TG levels, while conversely, higher TG, LDL-C, and ApoB levels predicted longer TL, with BMI partially mediating these effects. Our findings present valuable insights into the development of preventive strategies and interventions that specifically target TL-related aging and age-related diseases.

BackgroundCongenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA, OMIM #256800), also known as hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type Ⅳ (HSAN-IV), is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by recurrent episodic fevers, anhidrosis, insensitivity to noxious stimuli, self-mutilating behavior and intellectual disability. CIPA can be caused by the variants in NTRK1 gene, which encodes a high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptor for nerve growth factor. To ascertain the hereditary cause of a patient with CIPA accompanied by the additional symptoms of mild growth retardation, prone to fracture, underdeveloped nails of fingers and toes, irregular tooth alignment, enamel hypoplasia, postoperative wound healing difficulty, hand and limb deformity, and dislocation of hip joint, whole exome sequencing was used and revealed a compound heterozygous variant in NTRK1.MethodsDNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of pediatric patients and their parents, and subjected to comprehensive analysis using whole-exome sequencing (WES), followed by verification of variant sites in the NTRK1 gene through Sanger sequencing. To elucidate the functional impact of the newly discovered variants, an in vitro experimental system was established. Splicing analysis was conducted using PCR and Sanger sequencing, while expression levels were assessed through qPCR and Western blot techniques.ResultsOne hotspot variant c.851-33T>A(ClinVar ID: 21308) and a novel variant c.850 + 5G>A(ClinVar ID:3069176) was inherited from her father and mother, respectively, identified in the affected individuals. The c.850 + 5G>A variant in NTRK1 resulted in two forms of aberrant mRNA splicing: 13bp deletion (c.838_850del13, p. Val280Ser fs180) and 25bp deletion (826_850del25, p. Val276Ser fs180) in exon 7, both leading to a translational termination at a premature stop codon and forming a C-terminal truncated protein. The expression of two abnormal splicing isoforms was decreased both in the level of mRNA and protein.ConclusionIn conclusion, this study elucidated the genetic cause of a patient with CIPA and identified a novel variant c.850 + 5G>A in NTRK1, which broadened the and enriched the NTRK1 mutation spectrum.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a common adult-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive death of motor neurons in the cerebral cortex, brain stem, and spinal cord. The exact mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of ALS remain unclear. The current consensus regarding the pathogenesis of ALS suggests that the interaction between genetic susceptibility and harmful environmental factors is a promising cause of ALS onset. The investigation of putative harmful environmental factors has been the subject of several ongoing studies, but the use of transgenic animal models to study ALS has provided valuable information on the onset of ALS. Here, we review the current common invertebrate genetic models used to study the pathology, pathophysiology, and pathogenesis of ALS. The considerations of the usage, advantages, disadvantages, costs, and availability of each invertebrate model will also be discussed.

Human physical activity monitoring plays a crucial role in promoting personalized health management. In this work, inspired by an ancient Chinese belt, a belt-type wearable sensor (BWS) based on a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is presented to monitor daily movements and collect the body motion mechanical energy. The developed BWS consists of a soft silicone sheet and systematically connected sensing units made from triboelectric polymer materials including polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyamide (PA). A parameter study of the sensing units is firstly conducted to optimize the structure of BWS. The experimental studies indicate that the parameter-optimized BWS unit achieves a maximum output voltage of 47 V and a maximum current of 0.17 μA. A BWS with five sensing units is manufactured to record body movements, and it is able to distinguish different physical activities including stillness, walking, running, jumping, normal breathing, cessation of breathing, and deep breathing. In addition, the developed BWS successfully powers electronic devices including a smartphone, digital watch, and LED lights. We hope this work provides a new strategy for the development of wearable self-powered intelligent devices.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal, multigenic, multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by upper and lower motor neuron loss. Animal models are essential for investigating pathogenesis and reflecting clinical manifestations, particularly in developing reasonable prevention and therapeutic methods for human diseases. Over the decades, researchers have established a host of different animal models in order to dissect amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), such as yeast, worms, flies, zebrafish, mice, rats, pigs, dogs, and more recently, non-human primates. Although these models show different peculiarities, they are all useful and complementary to dissect the pathological mechanisms of motor neuron degeneration in ALS, contributing to the development of new promising therapeutics. In this review, we describe several common animal models in ALS, classified by the naturally occurring and experimentally induced, pointing out their features in modeling, the onset and progression of the pathology, and their specific pathological hallmarks. Moreover, we highlight the pros and cons aimed at helping the researcher select the most appropriate among those common experimental animal models when designing a preclinical ALS study.

ObjectiveTo investigate the time course of action of different doses of mivacurium and determine the appropriate dose for laryngeal mask airway (LMA) insertion for day-case urologic surgery in children.MethodsA total of 105 patients who enrolled in this study between March 2021 and December 2021 were randomised into 3 groups: Group A (mivacurium 0.15 mg/kg, n = 35), Group B (mivacurium 0.20 mg/kg, n = 35) and Group C (mivacurium 0.25 mg/kg, n = 35). The different doses of mivacurium were injected before LMA insertion. The primary outcomes included the grading of conditions for the LMA insertion-18 score, onset time, recovery index and the duration that mivacurium was effective. Secondary outcomes included pulse oxygen saturation, mean blood pressure, heart rate and the incidence of adverse events.ResultsThe score of the conditions for LMA insertion in Group A was significantly lower than in Groups C and B (p 0.05).ConclusionAnaesthesia with 0.2 mg/kg of mivacurium can effectively shorten the onset time and facilitate insertion of the LMA in children undergoing day-case urologic surgery.

Abstract The inferior capacity and cyclic durability of V2O5 caused by inadequate active sites and sluggish kinetics are the main problems to encumber the widespread industrial applications of vanadium‐zinc batteries (VZBs). Herein, a cooperative redox chemistry (CRC) as “electron carrier” is proposed to facilitate the electron‐transfer by capturing/providing electrons for the redox of V2O5. The increased oxygen vacancies in V2O5 provoked in situ by CRC offers numerous Zn2+ storage sites and ion‐diffusion paths and reduces the electrostatic interactions between vanadium‐based cathode and intercalated Zn2+, which enhance Zn2+ storage capability and structural stability. The feasibility of this strategy is fully verified by some CRCs. Noticeably, VZB with [Fe(CN)6]3−/[Fe(CN)6]4− as CRC displays conspicuous specific capacity (433.3 mAh g−1), ≈100% coulombic efficiency and superb cyclability (≈3500 cycles without capacity attenuation). Also, the mechanism and selection criteria of CRC are specifically unraveled in this work, which provides insightful perspectives for the development of high‐efficiency energy‐storage devices.

Background Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors are involved in plant growth and development, secondary metabolism, and abiotic stress responses have been studied in a variety of plants. Despite their importance in plant biology, the roles and expression patterns of bHLH family genes in Rosa persica have not been determined. Methods In this study, the RbebHLH family genes were systematically analyzed using bioinformatics methods, and their expression patterns under low-temperature stress were analyzed by transcriptome and related physiological index measurements. Results In total, 142 RbebHLHs were identified in the genome of R. persica, distributed on seven chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis including orthologous genes in Arabidopsis divided RbebHLHs into 21 subfamilies, with similar structures and motifs within a subfamily. A collinearity analysis revealed seven tandem duplications and 118 segmental duplications in R. persica and 127, 150, 151, 172, and 164 segmental duplications between R. persica and Arabidopsis thaliana, Prunus mume, Fragaria vesca, Rosa chinensis, and Prunus persica, respectively. A number of cis-regulatory elements associated with abiotic stress response and hormone response were identified in RbebHLHs, and 21 RbebHLHs have potential interactions with the CBF family. In addition, the expression results showed that part of bHLH may regulate the tolerance of R. persica to low-temperature stress through the jasmonic acid and pathway. Transcriptomic data showed that the expression levels of different RbebHLHs varied during overwintering, and the expression of some RbebHLHs was significantly correlated with relative conductivity and MDA content, implying that RbebHLHs play important regulatory roles in R. persica response to low-temperature stress. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the study of RbebHLHs associated with low-temperature stress.

Camellia polyodonta flowers are rich sources of phenolics and less attention has been paid to their potential biological activity. This study aims to explore the crude extracts and resulting purified fractions (CPFP-I, II, III, and IV) through compositional analysis and antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities in vitro and in vivo. Among four fractions, CPFP-II contained the highest total phenolic content and flavonoid content, while CPFP-III exhibited the greatest total proanthocyanidin content. Among the 14 phenolic compounds, CPFP-II displayed the highest content of procyanidin B2, B4, and C1, whereas CPFP-III contained the highest amount of 1,2,3,6-tetragalloylglucose. The DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assessments demonstrated a consistent trend: CPFP-II > CPFP-III > CPFP-I > CPFP-IV. In vivo experiments showed that that all four fractions significantly reduced lipid levels in hyperlipidemic C. elegans (p < 0.05), with CPFP-II exhibiting the most potent effect. Furthermore, CPFP-II effectively bound to bile acids and inhibited the enzymatic activity of pancreatic lipase in vitro. Consequently, CPFP-II should be prioritized as a promising fraction for further exploration and should provide substantial support for the feasibility of the C. polyodonta flower as a natural alternative.

Camellia oleifera oil (CO oil) extracted from C. oleifera seeds has a 2300-year consumption history in China. However, there is relatively little research regarding its non-edible uses. This study determined the physicochemical properties of CO oil extracted via direct pressing, identified its main components using GC-MS, and evaluated its antioxidant, moisturizing, and anti-inflammatory activities. The results revealed that CO oil’s acid, peroxide, iodine, and saponification values were 1.06 ± 0.031 mg/g, 0.24 ± 0.01 g/100 g, 65.14 ± 8.22 g/100 g, and 180.41 ± 5.60 mg/g, respectively. CO oil’s tocopherol, polyphenol, and squalene contents were 82.21 ± 9.07 mg/kg, 181.37 ± 3.76 mg/kg, and 53.39 ± 6.58 mg/kg, respectively; its unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content was 87.44%, and its saturated fatty acid (SFA) content was 12.56%. CO oil also demonstrated excellent moisture retention properties, anti-inflammatory effects, and certain free radical scavenging. A highly stable CO oil emulsion with competent microbiological detection was developed using formulation optimization. Using CO oil in the emulsion significantly improved the formulation’s antioxidant and moisturizing properties compared with those of the emulsion formulation that did not include CO oil. The prepared emulsion was not cytotoxic to cells and could reduce cells’ NO content; therefore, it may have potential nutritional value in medicine and cosmetics.