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Abstract Individuals’ continuous success in competitive interactions with conspecifics strongly affects their social hierarchy. Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is the key brain region mediating both social competition and hierarchy. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the neural ensemble in the mPFC remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that in excitatory neurons of prelimbic cortex (PL), lncRNA Sera remodels the utilization of Pkm Exon9 and Exon10, resulting in a decrease in the Pkm1/2 ratio in highly competitive mice. By employing a tet-on/off system, we disrupt or rebuild the normal Pkm1/2 ratio by controlling the expression of Pkm2 in PL excitatory neurons. We find that long-term Pkm2 modulation induces timely competition alteration and hysteretic rank change, through phosphorylating the Ser845 site of GluA1. Together, this study uncovers a crucial role of lncRNA Sera/Pkm2 pathway in the transition of social competition to rank by remodeling neural ensemble in mPFC.

Abstract Hard carbon has been widely used in anode of lithium/sodium ion battery, electrode of supercapacitor, and carbon molecular sieve for CO2 capture and hydrogen storage. In this study the lignin derived hard carbon products are investigated, and the conclusions are abstracted as follows. (1) The lignin derived hard carbon products consist of microcrystal units of sp 2 graphene fragments, jointed by sp 3 carbon atoms and forming sp 2–sp 3 hybrid hard carbon family. (2) From the lignin precursors to the sp 2–sp 3 hybrid hard carbon products, most carbon atoms retain their original electron configurations (sp 2 or sp 3) and keep their composition in lignin. (3) The architectures of lignin-derived hard carbon materials are closely dependent on the forms of their lignin precursors, and could be preformed by different pretreatment techniques. (4) The carbonization of lignin precursors follows the mechanism “carbonization in situ and recombination nearby”. (5) Due to the high carbon ratio and abundant active functional groups in lignin, new activation techniques could be developed for control of pore size and pore volume. In general lignin is an excellent raw material for sp 2–sp 3 hybrid hard carbon products, a green and sustainable alternative resource for phenolic resin, and industrial production for lignin derived hard carbon products would be feasible.

The mechanisms behind a lack of efficient fear extinction in some individuals are unclear. Here, by employing a principal components analysis-based approach, we differentiated the mice into extinction- resistant and susceptible groups. We determined that elevated synapsin 2a (Syn2a) in the infralimbic cortex (IL) to basolateral amygdala (BLA) circuit disrupted presynaptic orchestration, leading to an excitatory/inhibitory imbalance in the BLA region and causing extinction resistance. Overexpression or silencing of Syn2a levels in IL neurons replicated or alleviated behavioral, electrophysiological, and biochemical phenotypes in resistant mice. We further identified that the proline-rich domain H in the C-terminus of Syn2a was indispensable for the interaction with synaptogyrin-3 (Syngr3) and demonstrated that disrupting this interaction restored extinction impairments. Molecular docking revealed that ritonavir, an FDA- approved HIV drug, could disrupt Syn2a- Syngr3 binding and rescue fear extinction behavior in Syn2a-elevated mice. In summary, the aberrant elevation of Syn2a expression and its interaction with Syngr3 at the presynaptic site were crucial in fear extinction resistance, suggesting a potential therapeutic avenue for related disorders., Introduction Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder (1) with complicated psychological and neurobiological mechanisms involving varied brain circuits mediating stress and fear responses (2-4), as well as [...]

Individuals' continuous success in competitive interactions with conspecifics strongly affects their social hierarchy. Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is the key brain region mediating both social competition and hierarchy. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the neural ensemble in the mPFC remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that in excitatory neurons of prelimbic cortex (PL), lncRNA Sera remodels the utilization of Pkm Exon9 and Exon10, resulting in a decrease in the Pkm1/2 ratio in highly competitive mice. By employing a tet-on/off system, we disrupt or rebuild the normal Pkm1/2 ratio by controlling the expression of Pkm2 in PL excitatory neurons. We find that long-term Pkm2 modulation induces timely competition alteration and hysteretic rank change, through phosphorylating the Ser845 site of GluA1. Together, this study uncovers a crucial role of lncRNA Sera/Pkm2 pathway in the transition of social competition to rank by remodeling neural ensemble in mPFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infrared small target detection is an important and core problem in infrared search and track systems. Many infrared small target detection methods work well under the premise of a static background; however, the detection effect decreases seriously when the background changes dynamically. In addition, the spatiotemporal information of the target and background of the image sequence are not fully developed and utilized, lacking long-term temporal characteristics. To solve these problems, a novel long-term spatial–temporal tensor (LSTT) model is proposed in this paper. The image registration technique is employed to realize the matching between frames. By directly superimposing the aligned images, the spatiotemporal features of the resulting tensor are not damaged or reduced. From the perspective of the horizontal slice of this tensor, it is found that the background component has similarity in the time dimension and correlation in the space dimension, which is more consistent with the prerequisite of low rank, while the target component is sparse. Therefore, we transform the problem of infrared detection of a small moving target into a low-rank sparse decomposition problem of new tensors composed of several continuous horizontal slices of the aligned image tensor. The low rank of the background is constrained by the partial tubal nuclear norm (PTNN), and the tensor decomposition problem is quickly solved using the alternating-direction method of multipliers (ADMM). Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed LSTT method can effectively detect small moving targets against a dynamic background. Compared with other benchmark methods, the new method has better performance in terms of detection efficiency and accuracy. In particular, the new LSTT method can extract the spatiotemporal information of more frames in a longer time domain and obtain a higher detection rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneously catalyzed liquid oxidation of olefins with O2 provides an alternative way for synthesizing high-value added chemicals. Herein, we report a straightforward urea-redox and sol-gel process for synthesizing LaCoxCu1−xO3 for aerobic photo-oxidation of cyclohexene. Our research highlights a marked increase in the proportions of Co2+ and Cu+ species in a low chemical state, as well as enhanced visible light absorption through this method. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the catalytic process, particularly with LaCo0.7Cu0.3O3, involves a radical pathway mediated by reactive oxygen species. The presence of Cu+/Co2+ species and surface oxygen vacancies is proposed to boost O2 adsorption and activation on the catalyst, facilitating the formation of 2-cyclohexene-1-hydroperoxides. Furthermore, Cu2+/Co3+ species are thought to aid in generating cyclohexene-derived radical species. The efficient aerobic oxidation of cyclohexene on LaCo0.7Cu0.3O3 catalyst relies on the formation of reactive oxygen species and carbon radicals, facilitated by its strong visible light illumination. It achieves a cyclohexene conversion of 89.4% and selectivity to cyclohex-2-ene-1-one of 72.2%, along with stable recyclability after six reuses. The creation of nano-structured LaCoxCu1−xO3 through the urea-redox and sol-gel process offers a promising avenue for the development of highly efficient catalysts for the aerobic photo-oxidation of cyclohexene to cyclohex-2-ene-1-one in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hard carbon has been widely used in anode of lithium/sodium ion battery, electrode of supercapacitor, and carbon molecular sieve for CO2 capture and hydrogen storage. In this study the lignin derived hard carbon products are investigated, and the conclusions are abstracted as follows. (1) The lignin derived hard carbon products consist of microcrystal units of sp2 graphene fragments, jointed by sp3 carbon atoms and forming sp2–sp3 hybrid hard carbon family. (2) From the lignin precursors to the sp2–sp3 hybrid hard carbon products, most carbon atoms retain their original electron configurations (sp2 or sp3) and keep their composition in lignin. (3) The architectures of lignin-derived hard carbon materials are closely dependent on the forms of their lignin precursors, and could be preformed by different pretreatment techniques. (4) The carbonization of lignin precursors follows the mechanism "carbonization in situ and recombination nearby". (5) Due to the high carbon ratio and abundant active functional groups in lignin, new activation techniques could be developed for control of pore size and pore volume. In general lignin is an excellent raw material for sp2–sp3 hybrid hard carbon products, a green and sustainable alternative resource for phenolic resin, and industrial production for lignin derived hard carbon products would be feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the stabilization of linear systems under event‐triggered sampling, where the feedback signals are transmitted through a band‐limited network suffering from denial‐of‐service (DoS) attacks. We aim to reduce the average bit rate for stabilization while preserving the system's resilience against DoS. First, we consider the simpler case without transmission delay and present an event‐triggered control strategy to stabilize the concerned system by transmitting a finite number of bits. The average bit rate in a long time is zero in that case. Then we consider the joint effects of transmission delay and DoS attacks, and develop a variable bit rate quantization strategy and a periodic event‐triggering strategy. The proposed strategies can reduce the average bit rate compared with time‐triggered sampling methods. A numerical example is taken to verify the effectiveness of the proposed quantization and event‐triggering strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm, the initial position and the number of iterations are needed in registration. At the same time, the ICP algorithm is easy to fall into local convergence and convergence speed is slow. By constructing K-D tree to search neighborhood points and artificially set threshold, plane fitting is carried out, the on-time point cloud to be deployed is separated from the complex background, and statistical analysis is used to calculate the distance between the point cloud and the neighborhood point to quickly remove the invalid point cloud. The surface equation is set to calculate the tangent plane of point cloud normal vector and each normal vector, and the local coordinate system is constructed. The angle between adjacent vectors and the local coordinate system is calculated to determine the feature point set of edge contour. According to the covariance matrix of the feature points set, the principal feature component is obtained, the principal axis direction of the two sets of point clouds is found, and the rotation matrix and the displacement vector are obtained. Finally, GICP precise registration of point cloud is carried out according to initial pose parameters and rigid body transformation matrix obtained by maximum likelihood estimation method. The results show that the optimized algorithm can effectively avoid local convergence. Compared with the traditional ICP algorithm, when the algorithm achieves the same registration accuracy in the public dataset experiment, the registration speed is on average 44.82% faster and the overlap rate is on average 15.26% higher. In the real dataset experiment, the registration speed is on average 59.04% faster, the registration accuracy is on average 30.24% higher and the overlap rate is on average 10.61% higher. This shows that the optimization algorithm is superior to the traditional ICP algorithm in registration accuracy and convergence speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactate, a byproduct of glycolysis, was considered as a metabolic waste until identified by studies on the Warburg effect. Increasing evidence elucidates that lactate functions as energy fuel, signaling molecule, and donor for protein lactylation. Altered lactate utilization is a common metabolic feature of the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. This review offers an overview of lactate metabolism from the perspective of production, transportation and clearance, and the role of lactate in neurodegenerative progression, as well as a summary of protein lactylation and the signaling function of lactate in neurodegenerative diseases. Besides, this review delves into the dual roles of changed lactate metabolism during neurodegeneration and explores prospective therapeutic methods targeting lactate. We propose that elucidating the correlation between lactate and neurodegeneration is pivotal for exploring innovative therapeutic interventions for neurodegenerative diseases., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no competing financial interests., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)