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The interface phenomena and regulation mechanisms of semiconductor devices are crucial for their applications in the fields of electronics and optoelectronics. The piezotronic effect utilizes the strain-induced piezoelectric polarization at interfaces to regulate the interface energy band and carrier transport, so that the response current of the piezotronic device can change exponentially with small changes of stress/strain, showing high sensitivity. In recent years, in-depth studies of piezotronic effect regarding material, structure, and interface have largely enhanced the piezotronic device's performance; these investigations can also provide guidance for emerging interface engineering by polarizations like the flexotronic effect. This paper reviews the establishment and development of piezotronics and focuses on the latest research achievements in the field regarding material modification, structural design, and interface engineering, so as to provide guidance for the investigation and development of high-performance piezotronic devices. In the end, the paper points out the current challenges of piezotronic devices in practical applications and gives some outlooks for future development in this field.