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A novel BaMgSi4O10 ceramic was fabricated using a conventional solid-state method. The BaMgSi4O10 accompanied with BaMgSiO5, Ba2MgSi2O7, and SiO2 was detected for all compositions. Furthermore, microwave dielectric properties with εr = 5.7,Q × f = 17,900 GHz, and τf = − 19.1 ppm/°C were obtained at 1100 °C. To meet the requirement of LTCC technology, the optimum temperature can be lower than 850 °C by composing with 2 wt% LMS glass with a short soaking time of 0.5 h. A patch antenna was fabricated using BaMgSi4O10-2 wt% LMS as the substrate with a bandwidth of 120 MHz at 4.12 GHz. All result indicates BaMgSi4O10-2 wt% LMS ceramic has large application prospect in wireless communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After years of research and development, flexible sensors are gradually evolving from the traditional "electronic" paradigm to the "ionic" dimension. Smart flexible sensors derived from the concept of ion transport are gradually emerging in the flexible electronics. In particular, ionic hydrogels have increasingly become the focus of research on flexible sensors as a result of their tunable conductivity, flexibility, biocompatibility, and self-healable capabilities. Nevertheless, the majority of existing sensors based on ionic hydrogels still mainly rely on external power sources, which greatly restrict the dexterity and convenience of their applications. Advances in energy harvesting technologies offer substantial potential toward engineering self-powered sensors. This article reviews in detail the self-powered mechanisms of ionic hydrogel self-powered sensors (IHSSs), including piezoelectric, triboelectric, ionic diode, moist-electric, thermoelectric, potentiometric transduction, and hybrid modes. At the same time, structural engineering related to device and material characteristics is discussed. Additionally, the relevant applications of IHSS toward wearable electronics, human-machine interaction, environmental monitoring, and medical diagnostics are further reviewed. Lastly, the challenges and prospective advancement of IHSS are outlined., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2025 Jianyu Yin et al.)