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Recent observations with JWST and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array have revealed extremely massive quiescent galaxies at redshifts of z = 3 and higher, indicating both rapid onset and quenching of star formation. Using the cosmological simulation suite Magneticum Pathfinder, we reproduce the observed number densities and stellar masses, with 36 quenched galaxies of stellar mass larger than 3 × 1010 M ⊙ at z = 3.42. We find that these galaxies are quenched through a rapid burst of star formation and subsequent active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback caused by a particularly isotropic collapse of surrounding gas, occurring on timescales of around 200 Myr or shorter. The resulting quenched galaxies host stellar components that are kinematically fast rotating and alpha-enhanced, while exhibiting a steeper metallicity and flatter age gradient compared to galaxies of similar stellar mass. The gas of the galaxies has been metal enriched and ejected. We find that quenched galaxies do not inhabit the densest nodes, but rather sit in local underdensities. We analyze observable metrics to predict future quenching at high redshifts, finding that on shorter timescales <500 Myr, the ratio M bh/ M * is the best predictor, followed by the burstiness of the preceding star formation, t 50– t 90 (time to go from 50% to 90% stellar mass). On longer timescales, >1 Gyr, the environment becomes the strongest predictor, followed by t 50– t 90, indicating that at high redshifts the consumption of old gas and lack of new gas are more relevant for long-term prevention of star formation than the presence of a massive AGN. We predict that relics of such high- z quenched galaxies should best be characterized by a strong alpha enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Electroacupuncture has been shown to play a neuroprotective role following ischemic stroke, but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Ferroptosis has been shown to play a key role in the injury process. In the present study, we wanted to explore whether electroacupuncture could inhibit ferroptosis by promoting nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation. Methods: The ischemic stroke model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) in adult rats. These rats have been randomly divided into the EA + MCAO/R group, the MCAO/R group, the EA + MCAO/R + Brusatol group (the inhibitor of Nrf2), and the EA + MCAO/R + DMSO group, and the Sham group. The EA + MCAO/R group, EA + MCAO/R + Brusatol group, and the EA + MCAO/R + DMSO group received EA intervention 24 h after modeling for 7 consecutive days. The behavioral function was evaluated by Neurologic severity score (NSS), Garcia score, Foot-fault Test, and Rotarod Test. The infarct volume was detected by TTC staining, and the neuronal damage was observed by Nissl staining. The levels of Fe2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by ELISA. The immunofluorescence and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of Total Nrf2, p-Nrf2, Nuclear Nrf2, and Cytoplasmic Nrf2, and the essential ferroptosis proteins, including glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1). The mitochondria were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: Electroacupuncture improved neurological deficits in rats model of MCAO/R, decreased the brain infarct volume, alleviated neuronal damage, inhibited the Fe2+, ROS, and MDA accumulation, increased SOD levels, increased the expression of GPX4, SLC7A11 and FTH1, and rescued injured mitochondria. Especially, we found that the electroacupuncture up-regulated the expression of Nrf2, and promoted phosphorylation of Nrf2 and nuclear translocation, However, Nrf2 inhibitor Brusatol reversed the neuroprotective effect of electroacupuncture. Conclusion: Electroacupuncture can alleviate cerebral I/R injury-induced ferroptosis by promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation. It is expected that these data will provide novel insights into the mechanisms of electroacupuncture protecting against cerebral I/R injury and potential targets underlying ferroptosis in the stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Traditional methods of treating allergies primarily revolve around avoiding allergens and promptly using rescue medications when allergic symptoms occur. However, this approach is known for its inefficiency and limited success in achieving long-term relief. Our aim was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of previously published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that explore the effectiveness and safety of epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) as a means to manage food allergies in children. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search across multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library, to identify RCTs comparing EPIT versus placebo for the management of allergen-triggered allergic reactions in children. Only RCTs published in English that evaluated the efficacy and safety of EPIT in pediatric patients with allergic diseases were considered eligible for inclusion. The quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. The analysis comprised of seven RCTs involving a total of 1141 participants. The meta-analysis demonstrated that EPIT significantly facilitated desensitization in patients with food allergy (RR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.74-2.59, P = 0.296, I² = 17.5%), particularly in individuals with peanut allergy (RR: 2.29, 95% CI: 1.83-2.86, P = 0.463, I² = 0%). However, it is important to note that EPIT was associated with an increased occurrence of treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs; RR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.14-1.34, P < 0.01, I² = 99.2%). Notably, there were no notable disparities in the frequency of serious adverse events or utilization of rescue medications between the EPIT and placebo groups. EPIT may potentially induce desensitization of peanut allergy in children, but also carries an elevated risk of TRAEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the mean and turbulent wind speed distribution within the canopy height of a tropical urban campus based on a representative geometry model via wind tunnel experiments. The vertical wind profiles were analysed around two high-rise buildings, Menara Razak (MR) and Residensi Tower (RT) at both wind directions (22.5° and 202.5°). To examine the influence of high-rise buildings on strong wind, the collected data of mean wind speed (u), root mean square (u rms ), and skewness (SK) were analysed. Effects of the wind direction, building layout or arrangement and building geometry under the canopy height were also examined. The results show that the building layout influenced the wind distribution within the target site, and the approaching wind flow direction also influenced the wind flow interaction with the building. The height of the target building (H) influenced the distance traveled by the vortices in the wake flow. For the MR and RT cases, the vortices could be affected up to a minimum distance of H and 1.5H, respectively. The study demonstrates that the building layout significantly influences the distribution of wind speeds within the canopy height of a tropical urban campus., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

A scoping review was conducted to investigate the role of radiological imaging, particularly high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and artificial intelligence (AI) in diagnosing and prognosticating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Relevant studies from the PubMed database were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two reviewers assessed study quality and analyzed data, estimating heterogeneity and publication bias. The analysis primarily focused on deep learning approaches for feature extraction from HRCT images, aiming to enhance diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. Radiomics, utilizing quantitative features extracted from images, were computed using various tools to improve precision in analysis. Validation methods such as k-fold cross-validation were employed to assess model robustness and generalizability. Findings revealed that radiologic patterns in interstitial lung disease hold prognostic significance for patient survival. However, the additional prognostic value of quantitative assessment of fibrosis extent remains uncertain. IPF poses a substantial challenge in respiratory medicine, necessitating advanced diagnostic and prognostic tools. Radiomics emerges as a valuable asset, offering insights into disease characteristics and aiding in disease classification. It contributes to understanding underlying pathophysiological processes, facilitating more effective management of pulmonary disorders. Future research should focus on clarifying the additional prognostic value of quantitative assessment and further refining AI-based diagnostic and prognostic models for IPF., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics Approval: Not applicable. Consent to Participate: Not applicable. Consent to Publish: Not applicable. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Society for Imaging Informatics in Medicine.)

Achieving safe and efficient gene therapy hinges upon the inspection of genomes enclosed within individual nano-carriers to mitigate potential health risks associated with empty or fragment-filled vectors. Here solid-state nanopore sensing is reported for identifications of intermediate adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors in liquid. The method exploits the phenomenon of translocation slowdown induced by the viscosity of salt water-organic mixtures. This enables real-time ionic current measurements allowing precise tracking of the electroosmotic flow-driven motions of recombinant AAV vectors in a nanopore. The resulting ionic signals facilitate discrimination between replicative intermediates carrying ssDNA fragments and its full vector counterparts based on genome length-derived subtle nanometer differences in the viral diameters. This rapid and non-destructive means of genome analysis within virus capsids provides a promising avenue toward a robust methodology for ensuring the integrity of AAV vectors before administration., (© 2025 The Author(s). Small Methods published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Electrochemical imaging enables an in-depth analysis of the interface heterogeneity and reaction kinetics of single entities. However, electrode passivation during electrochemical reactions decreases the active sites and harms the long-term stability. Here, we introduce a method using laser-induced photothermal effects to restore the electrochemical activity, which is particularly displayed as enhanced micrometric patterns in electrochemiluminescence (ECL) microscopy. By co-localization characterization and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the mechanism of active site regeneration is validated as the removal of the oxide film for restoring the local surface ECL reactivity under laser irradiation. The surface-confined and voltage-dependent features of ECL allows for easy pattern erasure and rewriting, and it shows good reversibility and anti-counterfeiting potential. This approach overcomes the passivation processes, evidently improves the image quality of single biological entities including Shewanella bacteria and cells, and makes the subtle contour structures more distinct. The renewable electrode interface also enhances the ECL signal of model bead-based bioassays. This approach not only showcases precise control in fabricating micron patterns but also holds promise for enhancing the sensitivity in electrochemical immunoassays and bioimaging., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Drug-induced acne is a common side effect to a wide array of pharmacological therapies and is characterized by a monomorphic, papulopustular eruption typically affecting the face, scalp, and the upper thorax. Corticosteroids and Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) are commonly used for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and are known to aggravate a prior tendency to acne or trigger the development of new acneiform eruptions. Recent attention on managing drug-induced acne has been driven by the increasing use of JAKi, an expanding therapeutic class in IBD and several other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Both randomized controlled trials and real-world studies have identified acne as one of the most common treatment-emergent adverse events in JAKi. Left untreated, this common skin reaction can significantly affect patient self-esteem and quality of life leading to poor treatment adherence and suboptimal IBD control. This review examines the characteristics of drug-induced acne in IBD treatments, provides a practical guide for gastroenterologists to manage mild-to-moderate occurrences, and highlights when to seek specialist dermatology advice. Such approaches enable early treatment of a common and often distressing adverse event and optimize the management of IBD by preventing the premature discontinuation or dose reduction of efficacious IBD drugs., (Copyright © 2024 by The American College of Gastroenterology.)

Staphylococcus aureus is a multi-host pathogen that can colonize and infect both humans and livestock in a tissue-specific manner. This amazing feature of the pathogen is mainly facilitated by the surplus virulence agents produced upon necessity and favorable environmental factors. These factors are adept at damaging cellular barriers, manipulating host immune factors, and circumventing the host complement system. The delicate balance between the timely release of virulent factors and the regulation of their production underscores the significance of the exoenzyme network. Moreover, the intricate relationship between the pathogen and host tissue highlights the importance of understanding tissue-specific phenotypes for effective therapeutic strategies. Here, we provide a review on the diverse role played by the extracellular enzymes of S. aureus in tissue-specific infection and systemic colonization leading to distinctive diseased conditions. The article highlights the need to study the role of staphylococcal exoenzymes in various systemic invasions, their impact on the deterioration of host tissue, and the regulation of S. aureus virulence factors., (© 2024 Scandinavian Societies for Pathology, Medical Microbiology and Immunology.)