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Summer A de Vera,1 Aimee Brecht-Doscher,2 Marlena S Fejzo,3 Mary-Lynn Brecht,4 Irene M Kwon,1 Kimber W MacGibbon1 1Hyperemesis Education and Research Foundation, Clackamas, OR, USA; 2Ventura County Health Department, Ventura, CA, USA; 3Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; 4School of Nursing, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USACorrespondence: Kimber W MacGibbon, Hyperemesis Education and Research Foundation, 10117 SE Sunnyside Road, Suite F8, Clackamas, OR, 97015, USA, Email research@hyperemesis.orgPurpose: Few factors have been identified that increase the risk of visits (hospital emergency room or inpatient stays) due to hyperemesis gravidarum (HG). The purpose of this study is to understand trends in HG management and identify variables increasing visit frequency so that strategies may be developed to reduce hospital utilization.Study Design: An online survey was posted on the Hyperemesis Education and Research Foundation website and social media between June 2022 and May 2023. Participants had previous or current severe pregnancy nausea and vomiting. Respondents were asked about themselves and their HG experience, including weight loss, medications, infusion care, and visit frequency. Odds ratios, p-values, and 95% confidence intervals were calculated via MedCalc to analyze the significance of each factor, and Spearman rank correlations were analyzed via SPSS for associations of ondansetron usage with visits and weight loss. Microsoft Excel and SPSS were used to calculate treatment and visit frequencies.Results: Survey data from 1220 respondents who reported a current or prior pregnancy with HG were included in this study. Respondents were primarily White, from the US, and had at least one visit due to HG. Participants with a visit were significantly more likely to be a person of color (POC), unable to work, have no children, and lose over 15 pounds (6.8 kg). Those who took medications as prescribed had fewer visits. No medication combination or dose was found to be significantly more effective in preventing weight loss or repeat hospital visits.Conclusion: Risk factors predicting visits included POC, not having children, being too sick to work, and having extreme weight loss. Utilization of medication and nutritional therapies is inconsistent and inadequate in this population, which may increase visit frequency.Keywords: hyperemesis gravidarum, hospitalization, ondansetron, preterm birth

ABSTRACT: Whole milk powder (WMP) manufactured in New Zealand in 1907 was sent to the Antarctic continent with the Shackleton-led British Antarctic Expedition from 1907 to 1909. This powder was stored at ambient conditions at Shackleton's Hut at Cape Royds, Antarctica, for over 100 yr before a sample was collected on behalf of Fonterra by the Antarctic Heritage Trust. Having spent most of its existence both dried and in frozen storage, any deleterious reactions within the WMP would have been markedly retarded. The composition and some properties of the roller-dried Shackleton's WMP are reported along with those of 2 modern spray-dried New Zealand WMP. The Shackleton powder was less white and more yellow than the modern WMP and was composed of flakes rather than agglomerated particles, consistent with that expected of a roller-dried powder. Headspace analysis showed lipolytic and oxidative volatile compounds were present in the Shackleton WMP, indicting some deterioration of the milk either before powder manufacture or on storage of the finished product. On a moisture-free basis, the Shackleton WMP had higher protein, higher fat (with a markedly higher free fat level), higher ash, and a lower lactose level than the modern WMP. The lysine level was lower in the Shackleton WMP compared with the spray-dried powders, whereas the fatty acid composition was relatively similar. The sodium level was markedly higher in the Shackleton WMP compared with the spray-dried powder, which is probably due to the addition of an alkaline sodium salt to adjust the pH of the milk before roller drying. Lead, iron, and tin levels were markedly higher in the Shackleton WMP compared with the spray-dried powders, possibly due to the equipment used in powder manufacture and the tin-plated cases used for storage. The proteins in the Shackleton WMP were more lactosylated than in the spray-dried powders. The Shackleton WMP had a higher ratio of κ-casein A to B variants and a higher ratio of β-lactoglobulin B to A variants than the spray-dried powders, whereas the αS1-casein, β-casein, αS2-casein, and α-lactalbumin protein variants were similar in all powders. The total phospholipid content was markedly lower in the Shackleton WMP than the spray-dried powders, primarily due to a lower phosphatidylethanolamine concentration. The molecular species distributions within the phospholipid classes were generally similar in the 3 powders. Claims are sometimes encountered that the milk of today is different from that consumed by previous generations. However, this comparative study has shown that the Shackleton WMP was generally similar to modern WMP. Although differences in some components and properties were observed, these were attributable to the manufacturing equipment and processes used in the pioneering years of WMP manufacture.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with dyslipidemia being a significant risk factor. This meta-analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of the impact of bovine dairy-derived milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) supplementation on blood lipid profiles in adults. A systematic search was conducted across various databases up until March 2024, resulting in the inclusion of 6 trials with a total of 464 participants. The findings indicated that MFGM phospholipid supplementation may significantly reduce total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. A combined analysis of the effects on TC, LDL, and triglycerides (TG) revealed a significant overall reduction in these markers. However, no significant increase or reduction was observed on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and TG levels. Overall, MFGM phospholipid intake may significantly decrease the level of TC and LDL, while no significant changes in TG and HDL were observed. These results suggest that MFGM supplementation could be a promising dietary intervention for improving lipid profiles in adults. Nonetheless, further research is warranted to confirm these results and to better understand the potential variability in the impact of MFGM on blood lipid levels.

Abstract Introduction: Overseas‐born gay and bisexual men (GBM) are overrepresented in HIV diagnoses in Australia. We assessed social and sexual behaviours, and the use of HIV prevention and testing, by region of birth and length of residence in Australia. We sought to identify similarities and differences between recently arrived and non‐recently arrived GBM from non‐English‐speaking countries to improve targeting and engagement with HIV testing and prevention. Methods: Data were collected in national repeated, behavioural surveillance surveys conducted across Australia during 2019–2021. Logistic regression was used to identify factors that differentiated between recently arrived (