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Characterising the sensory profiles of beers made from new hop varieties is of considerable importance for their application in brewing. New Czech bitter varieties Boomerang and Gaia were tested in three-year pilot brews (200 l) of 12% single-hopped pale lager, produced in kettle and kettle+dry-hopped variants. The hop-derived aroma and bitterness profile of the beers was evaluated using a comprehensive descriptive method. Hop-related volatiles in beer were determined by GC/MS-MS method. Both of these bitter varieties showed a pleasant bitterness profile even in dry-hopped beers. The overall impression of the beers from the varieties tested was favourable, at the level of the control beer (Saaz). The profile of hop derived volatiles and aroma in beers from Gaia and Boomerang varieties were different. The results show the potential of Boomerang for both single kettle-hopped beers and dry-hopped lagers due to its interesting aroma profile (spicy, herbal, floral). The Gaia variety can be used in a similar way, with a preference for dry hopping to give a well-balanced hop-derived aroma profile. Both varieties have shown considerable potential for the production of new beer brands, and their drought tolerance may also help their widespread cultivation.

The production of H13 tool steel (TS) by material extrusion (MEX) is a promising method in various applications, but as-built surface roughness does not comply with the quality requirements. Hence, this study investigated the effects of cutting parameters on tool wear, cutting forces, surface quality, microhardness, structure, and residual stresses when machining H13 TS produced by MEX. Dry machining (DM) proved advantageous in certain indicators such as tool wear and cutting forces in comparison to the flood cooling (FC). The lowest surface roughness (0.08 µm) was achieved at the cutting speed of 80 m/min, feed per tooth of 0.005 mm, and FC which corresponded to a 41 % decrease compared to DM under same conditions. Surface microhardness increased by 20 % after machining, decreasing with distance from the surface. The highest compressive residual stresses were observed under FC, while the DM resulted in a 78.2 % decrease in residual stresses due to a partial annealing effect caused by higher surface temperature. Overall, DM exhibited great potential for achieving high-quality surfaces with a favorable structure and residual stresses. This study´s novelty and robustness lie in its significant contribution to practical industrial applications, such as mold and core production.

The study deals with the cult of St. Denis, bishop of Paris and the French “national” patron saint, in medieval Bohemia and Moravia. It attempts to provide answers to the questions about the meaning, character and spread of the veneration of St. Denis in Czech society.

Abstract Choroid plexus (ChP), the brain structure primarily responsible for cerebrospinal fluid production, contains a robust circadian clock, whose role remains to be elucidated. The aim of our study was to [1] identify rhythmically controlled cellular processes in the mouse ChP and [2] assess the role and nature of signals derived from the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) that control ChP rhythms. To accomplish this goal, we used various mouse models (WT, mPer2 Luc , ChP-specific Bmal1 knockout) and combined multiple experimental approaches, including surgical lesion of the SCN (SCNx), time-resolved transcriptomics, and single cell luminescence microscopy. In ChP of control (Ctrl) mice collected every 4 h over 2 circadian cycles in darkness, we found that the ChP clock regulates many processes, including the cerebrospinal fluid circadian secretome, precisely times endoplasmic reticulum stress response, and controls genes involved in neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and frontotemporal dementia). In ChP of SCNx mice, the rhythmicity detected in vivo and ex vivo was severely dampened to a comparable extent as in mice with ChP-specific Bmal1 knockout, and the dampened cellular rhythms were restored by daily injections of dexamethasone in mice. Our data demonstrate that the ChP clock controls tissue-specific gene expression and is strongly dependent on the presence of a functional connection with the SCN. The results may contribute to the search for a novel link between ChP clock disruption and impaired brain health.

Book review on Pelc, Vladimír – Pelc, Vladimír. Daně z příjmů s komentářem. 19. přepr. vyd. OLOMOUC: ANAG, 2024, 790 s. Isbn 978-80-7554-368-4

The topic of human circadian rhythms is not only attracting the attention of clinical researchers from various fields but also sparking a growing public interest. The circadian system comprises the central clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, and the peripheral clocks in various tissues that are interconnected; together they coordinate many daily activities, including sleep and wakefulness, physical activity, food intake, glucose sensitivity and cardiovascular functions. Disruption of circadian regulation seems to be associated with metabolic disorders (particularly impaired glucose tolerance) and cardiovascular disease. Previous clinical trials revealed that disturbance of the circadian system, specifically due to shift work, is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review is intended to provide clinicians who wish to implement knowledge of circadian disruption in diagnosis and strategies to avoid cardio-metabolic disease with a general overview of this topic.

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB), the most common tick-borne diseases of the central nervous system in Central Europe, are frequently associated with pareses. The aim of this study was to characterise paretic complications in patients with TBE and LNB, including their severity, persistence and impact on the patients' quality of life. Our retrospective observational study included patients with aseptic CNS infection due to TBE virus or Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Paretic complications were evaluated in the acute phase and the patients were followed up until complete regression or long-term stabilisation of any neurological deficit. The severity of the neurological deficit was graded according to the modified Rankin Scale (mRS).A total of 823 patients (582 with TBE, 241 with LNB) was included. Paretic complications were diagnosed in 63 TBE patients (10.8 %) and in 147 LNB patients (61.0 %). In TBE, the most common neurological deficit was brachial plexus paresis in 21 patients (33 %) and bulbar symptoms in 18 patients (29 %). In LNB patients, facial nerve palsy was the most frequent neurological deficit (117patients; 79.6 %), followed by lower limb paresis in 23 patients (15.6 %). Forty-nine TBE patients and 134 LNB paretic patients completed follow-up. Paresis resolved within 3 weeks in 16 TBE patients (33 %) and 53 LNB patients (39.5 %), but the proportion of patients with paresis persisting for more than 12 months was significantly higher in TBE (34.7 vs. 3.7 %, p

The study is concerned with the rate of evaporation from porous rock, including the second stage of evaporation characterised by the existence of a dry surface layer separated from the wet capillary zone by a sharp evaporation front. The main objective is to investigate the relationship between the depth of evaporation front and the rate of evaporation as the drying process progresses, and to compare measured evaporation rate with the corresponding calculated values. Sandstone core samples saturated with water were allowed to dry naturally under room conditions, while the changes in the evaporation rate and the depth of evaporation front, among other quantities, were measured. We demonstrate that the evaporation rate can be very accurately determined from the depth of the evaporation front and the ambient air temperature and relative humidity using Fick’s law for water-vapor diffusion. During the second stage of evaporation, the diffusion flux through the dry surface layer is computed using the water-vapor diffusion coefficient of the rock, determined from a separate wet cup experiment. In order to cover the first stage of evaporation, an additional parameter characterising the diffusion layer of air above the surface is required, either determined by the best fit to the measured evaporation rates, or adopted from previous studies. The calculated evaporation rate was in good agreement with measurements, with Pearson correlation coefficient 0.98 and relative error of the calculations averaging 15% over the evaporation front depths ranging from 0 to 29 mm. A workflow for determining the evaporation rate from sandstone outcrops is suggested, along with possible applications in sandstone weathering research.

The application possibilities of austenitic stainless steels in high friction, abrasion, and sliding wear conditions are limited by their inadequate hardness and tribological characteristics. In order to improve these properties, the thermochemical treatment of their surface by plasma nitriding is suitable. This article is focused on the corrosion resistance of conventionally plasma-nitrided AISI 304 stainless steel (530 °C, 24 h) in 0.05 M and 0.5 M sodium chloride solutions at room temperature (20 ± 3 °C), tested by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are used for nitrided layer characterization. The experiment results confirmed the plasma-nitrided layer formation of increased micro-hardness related to the presence of Cr2N chromium nitrides and higher surface roughness compared to the as-received state. Both of the performed independent electrochemical corrosion tests point to a significant reduction in corrosion resistance after the performed plasma nitriding, even in a solution with a very low chloride concentration (0.05 mol/L).

Background: The CONtrolled delivery For ImproveD outcomEs with cliNiCal Evidence registry was initiated to characterize the clinical safety and device performance from experienced transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) centers in Europe and Australia that use the Portico valve to treat patients with severe aortic stenosis. We herein report for the first time the valve performance at 30-day across all implanted valve sizes and the 1-year survival from this registry. Methods: This was a prospective, multicenter, single-arm observational clinical investigation of patients clinically indicated for implantation of a Portico valve in experienced TAVI centers. Patients were treated with a commercially available valve (size 23, 25, 27, or 29 mm) using either the first-generation delivery system (DS) (n = 501) or the second-generation (FlexNav) DS (n = 500). Adverse events were adjudicated by an independent clinical events committee according to Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 criteria. Echocardiographic outcomes were assessed at 30 days by an independent core laboratory, and a survival check was performed at 1 year. Results: We enrolled 1001 patients (82.0 years, 62.5% female, 63.7% New York Heart Association functional class III/IV at baseline) from 27 clinical sites in 8 countries across Europe and one site in Australia. Implantation of a single valve was successful in 97.5% of subjects. Valve hemodynamics at 30 days were substantially improved relative to baseline, with large aortic valve areas and low mean gradients across all implanted valve sizes (aortic valve areas were 1.7 ± 0.4, 1.7 ± 0.5, 1.8 ± 0.5, and 2.0 ± 0.5 cm2, and mean gradients were 7.0 ± 2.7, 7.5 ± 4.7, 7.3 ± 3.3, and 6.4 ± 3.3 mmHg for 23, 25, 27, and 29 mm valve sizes, respectively). Across all implanted valve sizes, most patients (77.1%) had no patient-prosthesis mismatch. Death from any cause within 1 year occurred in 13.7% of the patients in the first-generation DS group as compared with 11.0% in the second-generation DS group (p = 0.2). Conclusions: The Portico valve demonstrated excellent hemodynamic performance across all valve sizes in a large cohort of subjects implanted in experienced TAVI centers. One-year survival rates were favorable when using both the first-generation and second-generation (FlexNav) DSs in this high-risk cohort. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03752866.

Tree-killing bark beetles require rapid management, such as anti-attractants, to stop the enlargement of attack hot-spots. We tested two newer anti-attractant blends, both without verbenone and one with the addition of trans-4-thujanol, in traps against standard pheromone baits for inhibition of catch. Both blends provided effective catch reduction (>95%). We also tested these anti-attractant blends in tree protection experiments for two years. We had experimental plots with a center of an anti-attractant protected tree zone, with no traditional control area, but we followed tree kills in 10 m wide concentric rings to 100 m. In 2020, we had 12 plots, and 9 plots in 2021. Monitoring by low-strength pheromone traps followed beetle flight averaging 300/trap during the shorter period, August 2020, and 5000/trap during the longer period, May to August 2021. The blends of anti-attractants were 100% effective in avoiding tree mortality in both treated trees and their surroundings. There were no bark beetle attacks on any treated trees, and there was zero tree mortality up to 19 m in 2020, and up to 30 m in 2021, thus full protection to circa 20 m. The density of killed trees then increased from close to zero, over 20 to 50 m, reaching a level of ca 30 (trees/ha) then declined. The spatial pattern of tree mortality on our experimental plots was highly heterogeneous and individual 10m-ring data points on tree kill density could not be statistically separated. In contrast, a non-linear regression model showed a continuous increase of attacks over the distance from the center to a peak ca 60m, followed by a decline. This model agrees partly with the only similar study in the literature, but importantly, it does not give a peak of kill density at distances between the first and second rings close to treatment zones. Such patterns of close-quarter kills have been observed as a “switching” of attack in this and other scolytid systems manipulated by anti-attractants, but not in the present study, likely due to the elimination of verbenone from our blends.

In the original publication [...]

Background: Children living in poverty are more likely to enter foster care compared to children not living in poverty. Refundable state Earned Income Tax Credits (EITCs) increase household income and have been shown to reduce the risk of child maltreatment using caregiver-reported and administrative records of child protective services investigations; however, there is limited literature on the impact of refundable state EITCs on foster care entry., Objective: To evaluate the impact of refundable state EITCs on foster care entry rates at the state-level., Participants and Setting: Foster care entries among children less than 18 years old in the United States., Methods: Difference-in-difference analyses using the Callaway and Sant'Anna approach were conducted. Data on EITC refundability was extracted from legislative records and foster care entries were obtained from Kids Count for 2000-2019. State-level policies, including Medicaid expansion, paid family leave, minimum wage, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, were included in the analysis to minimize bias from confounding., Results: On average, 0.5 fewer children entered foster care (95 % CI: -1.0, -0.1) per 1000 children per year among states that implemented a refundable EITC than there would have been had those states not implemented a refundable EITC. The reduction in foster care entries was not statistically significant until six years after families could first benefit from implementation of a state refundable EITC., Conclusion: A refundable state EITC reduces the rate of foster care entries. This reduction is statistically significant starting six years after the tax credit is implemented in a state., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None reported., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Cytokinesis, the physical division of one cell into two, is typically assumed to use the same molecular process across animal cells. However, regulation of cell division can vary significantly among different cell types, even within the same multicellular organism. Using six fast-acting temperature-sensitive (ts) cytokinesis-defective mutants, we found that each had unique cell type-specific profiles in the early 2-cell through 8-cell C. elegans embryo. Certain cell types were more sensitive than others to actomyosin and spindle signaling disruptions, disrupting two members of the same complex could result in different phenotypes, and protection against actomyosin inhibition did not always protect against spindle signaling inhibition., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present., (Copyright: © 2024 by the authors.)

We estimate past-year physical and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) prevalence from early to middle adulthood, examining associations with respondent gender, sexual orientation, and partner gender. We used three waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. For each wave, we estimated IPV prevalence, stratified by gender, sexual orientation, and partner gender. Findings indicate that diverse-sexual males and females are more likely to experience IPV compared to heterosexuals. Further, diverse-sexual males are less likely to experience physical and sexual IPV if they have a same-gender partner. In contrast, heterosexual males are more likely to experience physical and sexual IPV if they have same-gender partners. All females were more likely to experience physical and sexual violence if they have different-gender partners., (© 2024 Springer Publishing Company.)

A barrier to research with sexual assault survivors is the concern that research participation might be a negative experience for participants. We report the experiences with research of adult women sexual assault survivors participating in a large-scale, multi-site, prospective observational study that enrolled participants at the time of presentation for emergency care. Participants (n = 706, M = 28 years of age; 57% white, 15% Black) self-reported their experience with research 1 week, 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year post-assault. The vast majority rated the research experience as positive (95-97%), reported no drawbacks (84-89%), and felt that participating was worth it (93-95%). Positive experiences with research remained stable across the year, were generally consistent across demographic and clinical groups, and were reflected in qualitative comments. Given the tremendous morbidity experienced by sexual assault survivors and lack of progress in developing improved treatments for this population, ethically-conducted research with sexual assault survivors receiving emergency care should be encouraged., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Dr. Short received grant funding from the National Institute on Drug Abuse for a separate study. Ms. Bell received payment for expert testimony from the US Attorney's Office for the Eastern and Northern Districts of Oklahoma. Dr. Buchanan received payment for speaking at Northwest Seminars and serving as a PEERcert editor for the Academy of Emergency Physicians; she also serves as a section author for UpToDate. Dr. Ho serves as the Medical Director of the Hennepin Assault Response Team. Dr. Bollen received grant funding from the James McKeen Cattell Fund, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and National Institute on Aging for separate studies. Dr. McLean served as a consultant for Walter Reed Army Institute for Research and for Arbor Medical Innovations., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Children who are HIV-exposed and uninfected (CHEU) are at increased risk for poor growth, health, and development compared to children who are HIV-unexposed and uninfected. To support families with CHEU, we assessed the acceptability of engaging family members to support women living with HIV (WLWH) with exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and to engage in responsive infant caregiving. We conducted trials of improved practices, a consultative research approach, that follows participants over time as they try recommended behaviors. We enrolled postpartum women in Lusaka, Zambia, who identified home supporters. At visit 1, WLWH were interviewed about current practices. At visit 2, WLWH and home supporters received tailored EBF, responsive care, and ART adherence counseling. At visit 3, WLWH and home supporters were interviewed about their experiences trying recommended practices for 2-3 weeks. Interview transcripts were analyzed thematically. Participants included 23 WLWH, 15 male partners, and 8 female family members. WLWH reported several barriers to EBF. The most common were fear of HIV transmission via breastfeeding-despite high ART adherence-and insufficient breastmilk. After counseling, WLWH reported less fear of HIV transmission and improved breastfeeding practices. Home supporters reported providing WLWH increased support for EBF and ART adherence and practicing responsive caregiving. Both male and female home supporters appreciated being included in counseling and more involved in caregiving, and WLWH valued the increased support. Families with CHEU need focused support. Tailored counseling and family support for WLWH show promise for improving EBF, responsive caregiving, and ART adherence., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Stress is associated with physiological and behavioral adaptations that increase the risk for obesity and related diseases in adults and children. Mechanisms linking stress to chronic disease are diverse and not fully elucidated, but research suggests stress may impact eating behaviors and increase food intake and thereby, risk for obesity., Objective: The purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses that women's perceived stress and household disorder are associated with more uncontrolled and emotional eating among women, more food responsiveness and emotional overeating among their children, and greater adiposity in both women and their children., Methods: Women (n = 86) completed the Perceived Stress Scale, Confusion, Hubbub and Order Scale, Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, and Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Total body fat (%) was measured via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Linear regression models evaluated associations of perceived stress and household disorder with eating behaviors and adiposity of women and their children (4-10 years old)., Results: In a sample of predominantly non-Hispanic Black women (84.9%, n = 73), more perceived stress and household disorder were associated with more uncontrolled and emotional eating (p < 0.05). Women's perceived stress was not associated with their children's eating behaviors; however, household disorder was positively associated with children's food responsiveness and emotional overeating (p < 0.05). Perceived stress and household disorder were not associated with adiposity of women or their children., Conclusions: These findings suggest household disorder may be a factor for home-based interventions to consider when addressing eating behaviors among families with children., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: W. Timothy Garvey has served as a consultant on advisory boards for Boehringer-Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Fractyl Health, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inogen, Zealand, Allurion, Merck and the Milken Foundation, and a site principal investigator for multi-centered clinical trials sponsored by their university and funded by Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Epitomee, Neruovalens and Pfizer. W. Timothy Garvey has served as a board member for the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology, and as a member of Data Monitoring Committees for phase 3 clinical trials conducted by Boehringer-Ingelheim and Eli Lilly. Other authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To identify individual- and community-level factors that predict the odds of multigravid Black women having consecutive pregnancies without adverse pregnancy outcomes., Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of 515 multigravid Black women from a longitudinal observational study (2017-2019). We assessed the presence of adverse pregnancy outcomes (hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, placental abruption, and pregnancy loss) for the index and prior pregnancies. We examined U.S. Census data, medical records, and surveys across multiple socioecologic domains: personal, behavioral, socioeconomic, and policy. We estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% CIs for the association between individual- and community-level factors and consecutive healthy pregnancies using hierarchical logistic regression models adjusted for maternal age, body mass index (BMI), gravidity, interpregnancy interval, and median household income., Results: Among 515 multigravid Black women (age 27±5 years, BMI 31.4±8.9, gravidity 4±2), 38.4% had consecutive healthy pregnancies without adverse pregnancy outcomes. Individual-level factors associated with consecutive healthy pregnancies included normal glucose tolerance (aOR 3.9, 95% CI, 1.2-12.1); employment (aOR 1.9, 95% CI, 1.2-2.9); living in communities with favorable health indicators for diabetes, hypertension, and physical activity; and household income of $50,000 per year or more (aOR 3.5, 95% CI, 1.4-8.7). When individual and community factors were modeled together, only income and employment at the individual and community levels remained significant., Conclusion: Individual and community income and employment are associated with consecutive healthy pregnancies in a cohort of Black patients, emphasizing the need for comprehensive, multilevel systems interventions to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes for Black women., Competing Interests: Financial Disclosure Jeannie C. Kelly reports money was paid to her institution from NIDA and the PEW Charitable Trusts. Ebony B. Carter is employed by Carter Expert Strategic Consulting. The other authors did not report any potential conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: OX40 has been widely studied as a target for immunotherapy with agonist antibodies taken forward into clinical trials for cancer where they are yet to show substantial efficacy. Here, we investigated potential mechanisms of action of anti-mouse (m) OX40 and anti-human (h) OX40 antibodies, including a clinically relevant monoclonal antibody (mAb) (GSK3174998) and evaluated how isotype can alter those mechanisms with the aim to develop improved antibodies for use in rational combination treatments for cancer., Methods: Anti-mOX40 and anti-hOX40 mAbs were evaluated in a number of in vivo models, including an OT-I adoptive transfer immunization model in hOX40 knock-in (KI) mice and syngeneic tumor models. The impact of FcγR engagement was evaluated in hOX40 KI mice deficient for Fc gamma receptors (FcγR). Additionally, combination studies using anti-mouse programmed cell death protein-1 (mPD-1) were assessed. In vitro experiments using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) examining possible anti-hOX40 mAb mechanisms of action were also performed., Results: Isotype variants of the clinically relevant mAb GSK3174998 showed immunomodulatory effects that differed in mechanism; mIgG1 mediated direct T-cell agonism while mIgG2a acted indirectly, likely through depletion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) via activating FcγRs. In both the OT-I and EG.7-OVA models, hIgG1 was the most effective human isotype, capable of acting both directly and through Treg depletion. The anti-hOX40 hIgG1 synergized with anti-mPD-1 to improve therapeutic outcomes in the EG.7-OVA model. Finally, in vitro assays with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs), anti-hOX40 hIgG1 also showed the potential for T-cell stimulation and Treg depletion., Conclusions: These findings underline the importance of understanding the role of isotype in the mechanism of action of therapeutic mAbs. As an hIgG1, the anti-hOX40 mAb can elicit multiple mechanisms of action that could aid or hinder therapeutic outcomes, dependent on the microenvironment. This should be considered when designing potential combinatorial partners and their FcγR requirements to achieve maximal benefit and improvement of patient outcomes., Competing Interests: Competing interests: MSC is a retained consultant for BioInvent International and has performed educational and advisory roles for Baxalta and Boehringer Ingelheim. He has consulted for GSK, Radiant, iTeos Therapeutics, Surrozen, Hanall and Mestag and received research funding from BioInvent, Surrozen, GSK, UCB and iTeos. SB, HJ, LS-W, DK, HS, PB, JJ, HN, AJS, LH, SH, SJB, RS, JS, AH, EP, SLM, PJM and NY are (or were at the time the work was conducted) employees of GSK., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

This review focused on literature from the United States evaluating homicide during the perinatal period. It was completed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Seventeen studies met the criteria for inclusion, including: describing prevalence and risk factors related to homicide deaths of pregnant or postpartum birthing individuals; being conducted in the United States; and being published in English 2007 or later. This review found that homicide is an important contributor to maternal mortality and is a leading cause of death during pregnancy and the postpartum period, especially if an individual is Black and under the age of 30. Future efforts must be made to standardize data collection efforts and resolve nuanced terminology that results in interpretation challenges. The United States should examine maternal deaths through the entirety of the perinatal period and fully invest in violence prevention efforts., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background: Ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) are associated with elevated risk of noncommunicable disease, but little is known about UPF intake and the individual-, household-, and community-level factors associated with it among adolescents in low- or middle-income countries., Objectives: We estimated the association of UPF intake across adolescence with sociodemographic characteristics and maternal UPF intake in a Filipino cohort., Methods: Data were from 4 waves (1994-2005) of the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (n = 2068); participants were aged 11, 15, 18, and 21 y. Foods from 24-h recalls were classified using NOVA. We used two-part multilevel models to estimate time-varying associations of the odds and amount (percentage daily kilocalories) of UPF intake with sociodemographic characteristics and maternal UPF intake (none, below median among UPF-consuming mothers ["low"], at or above median ["high"])., Results: Median UPF intake (interquartile range [IQR]) among adolescents was 7.3% (IQR: 0, 17.2%) of daily kilocalories at age 11 y and 10.6% (IQR: 3.6, 19.6%) at 21 y. The odds and amount of adolescent UPF intake were positively associated with female sex, years of schooling, and household wealth and inversely associated with household size. The odds-but not amount-of adolescent UPF intake was positively associated with maternal education and urbanicity and inversely associated with the distance from a household's primary store/market. The association between odds of adolescent UPF intake and school enrollment was positive in adolescence but disappeared in early adulthood. Compared with offspring whose mothers did not consume UPFs, the odds of UPF intake among those whose mothers had low or high UPF intake was greater in adolescence, but there was no association once offspring became adults. At all ages, maternal UPF intake was positively associated with the amount of offspring intake., Conclusions: Adolescent UPF intake varied across sociodemographic characteristics and was positively associated with maternal UPF intake, but not after adolescents entered adulthood., (Copyright © 2024 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Animal cell cytokinesis, or the physical division of one cell into two, is thought to be driven by constriction of an actomyosin contractile ring at the division plane. The mechanisms underlying cell type-specific differences in cytokinesis remain unknown. Germ cells are totipotent cells that pass genetic information to the next generation. Previously, using formin cyk-1 (ts) mutant Caenorhabditis elegans 4-cell embryos, we found that the P2 germ precursor cell is protected from cytokinesis failure and can divide with greatly reduced F-actin levels at the cell division plane. Here, we identified two canonical germ fate determinants required for P2-specific cytokinetic protection: PIE-1 and POS-1. Neither has been implicated previously in cytokinesis. These germ fate determinants protect P2 cytokinesis by reducing the accumulation of septin UNC-59 and anillin ANI-1 at the division plane, which here act as negative regulators of cytokinesis. These findings may provide insight into the regulation of cytokinesis in other cell types, especially in stem cells with high potency.

In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), inflammation gives rise to protease-mediated degradation of the key extracellular matrix protein, elastin, which causes irreversible loss of pulmonary function. Intervention against proteolysis has met with limited success in COPD, due in part to our incomplete understanding of the mechanisms that underlie disease pathogenesis. Peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes are a known modifier of proteolytic susceptibility, but their involvement in COPD in the lungs of affected individuals is underexplored. In this study, we showed that enzyme isotypes PAD2 and PAD4 are present in primary granules of neutrophils and that cells from people with COPD release increased levels of PADs when compared with neutrophils of healthy control subjects. By examining bronchoalveolar lavage and lung tissue samples of patients with COPD or matched smoking and nonsmoking counterparts with normal lung function, we reveal that COPD presents with markedly increased airway concentrations of PADs. Ex vivo, we established citrullinated elastin in the peripheral airways of people with COPD, and in vitro, elastin citrullination significantly enhanced its proteolytic degradation by serine and matrix metalloproteinases, including neutrophil elastase and matrix metalloprotease-12, respectively. These results provide a mechanism by which neutrophil-released PADs affect lung function decline, indicating promise for the future development of PAD-based therapeutics for preserving lung function in patients with COPD., (Copyright © 2024 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc.)

This paper examines accuracy, acceptability, and respondent burden of integrated screening to facilitate tailored sexual assault (SA) prevention program delivery in a basic military training (BMT) environment. Trainees ( n  = 5,951) received tailored prevention content based on self-reported sex, sexual orientation, prior SA victimization and perpetration, and past-month post-traumatic stress symptoms. Bivariate analyses examined trainee-reported screener accuracy, acceptability, and burden, including differences by tailoring-targeted subgroups (e.g. men/women). Overall accuracy and acceptability were high (>90%) despite significant subgroup variability. Screening time averaged 10.55 (SD = 1.95) minutes; individuals with prior SA took longer. Missingness increased linearly throughout the screener. Integrated screening is an accurate, acceptable way to deploy tailored SA prevention in BMT. Findings inform data-driven screening improvements and novel applications.

Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Ambrosia trifida (Asteraceae) are important pest species and the two greatest sources of aeroallergens globally. Here, we took advantage of a hybrid to simplify genome assembly and present chromosome-level assemblies for both species. These assemblies show high levels of completeness with Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Ortholog (BUSCO) scores of 94.5% for A. artemisiifolia and 96.1% for A. trifida and long terminal repeat (LTR) Assembly Index values of 26.6 and 23.6, respectively. The genomes were annotated using RNA data identifying 41,642 genes in A. artemisiifolia and 50,203 in A. trifida. More than half of the genome is composed of repetitive elements, with 62% in A. artemisiifolia and 69% in A. trifida. Single copies of herbicide resistance-associated genes PPX2L, HPPD, and ALS were found, while two copies of the EPSPS gene were identified; this latter observation may reveal a possible mechanism of resistance to the herbicide glyphosate. Ten of the 12 main allergenicity genes were also localized, some forming clusters with several copies, especially in A. artemisiifolia. The evolution of genome structure has differed among these two species. The genome of A. trifida has undergone greater rearrangement, possibly the result of chromoplexy. In contrast, the genome of A. artemisiifolia retains a structure that makes the allotetraploidization of the most recent common ancestor of the Heliantheae Alliance the clearest feature of its genome. When compared to other Heliantheae Alliance species, this allowed us to reconstruct the common ancestor's karyotype-a key step for furthering of our understanding of the evolution and diversification of this economically and allergenically important group., (© 2024 His Majesty the King in Right of Canada. The Plant Genome published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Crop Science Society of America. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada.)

This study aims to develop and validate a brief bedside tool to screen women survivors presenting for emergency care following sexual assault for risk of persistent elevated posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) six months after assault. Participants were 547 cisgender women sexual assault survivors who presented to one of 13 sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) programs for medical care within 72 h of a sexual assault and completed surveys one week and six months after the assault. Data on 222 potential predictors from the SANE visit and the week one survey spanning seven broadly-defined risk factor domains were candidates for inclusion in the screening tool. Elevated PTSS six months after assault were defined as PCL-5 > 38. LASSO logistic regression was applied to 20 randomly selected bootstrapped samples to evaluate variable importance. Logistic regression models comprised of the top 10, 20, and 30 candidate predictors were tested in 10 cross-validation samples drawn from 80% of the sample. The resulting instrument was validated in the remaining 20% of the sample. AUC of the finalized eight-item prediction tool was 0.77 and the Brier Score was 0.19. A raw score of 41 on the screener corresponds to a 70% risk of elevated PTSS at 6 months. Similar performance was observed for elevated PTSS at one year. This brief, eight-item risk stratification tool consists of easy-to-collect information and, if validated, may be useful for clinical trial enrichment and/or patient screening., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None. All authors have completed COI forms., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Philopatric kin-based societies encourage a narrow breadth of conservative behaviours owing to individuals primarily learning from close kin, promoting behavioural homogeneity. However, weaker social ties beyond kin, and across a behaviourally diverse social landscape, could be sufficient to induce variation and a greater ecological niche breadth. We investigated a network of 457 photo-identified killer whales from Norway (548 encounters in 2008-2021) with diet data available (46 mixed-diet individuals feeding on both fish and mammals, and 411 exclusive fish-eaters) to quantify patterns of association within and between diet groups, and to identify underlying correlates. We genotyped a subset of 106 whales to assess patterns of genetic differentiation. Our results suggested kinship as main driver of social bonds within and among cohesive social units, while diet was most likely a consequence reflective of cultural diffusion, rather than a driver. Flexible associations within and between ecologically diverse social units led to a highly connected network, reducing social and genetic differentiation between diet groups. Our study points to a role of social connectivity, in combination with individual behavioural variation, in influencing population ecology in killer whales.

Repetitive bouts of coughing expose the large airways to significant cycles of shear stress. This leads to the release of alarmins and the tussive agent adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which may be modulated by the activity of ion channels present in the human airway. This study aimed to investigate the role of the transient receptor potential subfamily vanilloid member 2 (TRPV2) channel in mechanically induced ATP release from primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs).PBECs were obtained from individuals undergoing bronchoscopy. They were cultured in vitro and exposed to mechanical stress in the form of compressive and fluid shear stress (CFSS) or fluid shear stress (FSS) alone at various intensities. ATP release was measured using a luciferin-luciferase assay. Functional TRPV2 protein expression in human PBECs was investigated by confocal calcium imaging. The role of TRPV2 inhibition on FSS-induced ATP release was investigated using the TRPV2 inhibitor tranilast or siRNA knockdown of TRPV2. TRPV2 protein expression in human lung tissue was also determined by immunohistochemistry.ATP release was significantly increased in PBECs subjected to CFSS compared with control (unstimulated) PBECs (N = 3, ***P < 0.001). PBECs expressed functional TRPV2 channels. TRPV2 protein was also detected in fixed human lung tissue. ATP release from FFS stimulated PBECs was decreased by the TRPV2 inhibitor tranilast (N = 3, **P < 0.01) (vehicle: 159 ± 17.49 nM, tranilast: 25.08 ± 5.1 nM) or by TRPV2 siRNA knockdown (N = 3, *P < 0.05) (vehicle: 197 ± 24.52 nM, siRNA: 119 ± 26.85 nM).In conclusion, TRPV2 is expressed in the human airway and modulates ATP release from mechanically stimulated PBECs., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Most health care providers in Lagos State, Nigeria are private and are not required to offer breastfeeding counseling to women. From May 2019-April 2020, Alive & Thrive implemented a multicomponent breastfeeding promotion intervention in private health facilities in Lagos that included training and support to implement the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative and provide breastfeeding counseling and support to pregnant women and lactating mothers in person and on WhatsApp. We conducted a mixed methods process evaluation in 10 intervention and 10 comparison private health facilities to examine the feasibility and acceptability of integrating the intervention into routine health services. We conducted in-depth interviews with 20 health facility owners/managers and providers, 179 structured observations of health providers during service provision to pregnant and lactating women and 179 exit interviews with pregnant and lactating women. The in-depth interviews were transcribed and analyzed thematically. The structured observations and exit interviews were summarized using descriptive and inferential statistics. The in-depth interviews indicated that almost all health facility owners/managers and providers at the intervention health facilities had generally positive experiences with the intervention. However, the health providers reported implementation barriers including increased workload, use of personal time for counseling on WhatsApp, and some mothers' lack of access to WhatsApp support groups. Observations suggested that more breastfeeding counseling occurred at intervention compared with comparison health facilities. Third trimester exit interviews showed that 86% of women in the intervention health facilities were very confident they could carry out the breastfeeding advice they received, compared to 47% in the comparison health facilities. Our research suggests that provision of breastfeeding counseling and support through private health facilities is feasible and acceptable, but service delivery challenges must be considered for successful scale-up., Competing Interests: i. “SB is employed by Alive & Thrive initiative. SB was involved in managing the evaluation of the intervention but was not involved in the design, data collection and analysis of the study. OA is employed by Equitable Health Access Initiative. OA was involved in the design and implementation of the intervention, but not in data collection or analysis for this study. OA’s affiliation with Equitable Health Access Initiative does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. All other authors have no conflicts of interest.”, (Copyright: © 2024 Allotey et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Common airborne allergens (pollen, animal dander and those from fungi and insects) are the main triggers of type I allergic disorder in the respiratory system and are associated with allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, as well as immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. These allergens promote IgE crosslinking, vasodilation, infiltration of inflammatory cells, mucosal barrier dysfunction, extracellular matrix deposition and smooth muscle spasm, which collectively cause remodelling of the airways. Fungus and insect (house dust mite and cockroaches) indoor allergens are particularly rich in proteases. Indeed, more than 40 different types of aeroallergen proteases, which have both IgE-neutralising and tissue-destructive activities, have been documented in the Allergen Nomenclature database. Of all the inhaled protease allergens, 85% are classed as serine protease activities and include trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like and collagenolytic serine proteases. In this article, we review and compare the allergenicity and proteolytic effect of allergen serine proteases as listed in the Allergen Nomenclature and MEROPS databases and highlight their contribution to allergic sensitisation, disruption of the epithelial barrier and activation of innate immunity in allergic airways disease. The utility of small-molecule inhibitors of allergen serine proteases as a potential treatment strategy for allergic airways disease will also be discussed., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: All authors have nothing to disclose., (Copyright ©The authors 2024.)

Background: Vascular aging, a precursor of arterial stiffness, is associated with neurocognitive impairment (NCI) and cardiovascular disease. Although HIV is associated with rapid vascular aging, it is unknown whether arterial stiffness mediates changes in cognitive function. We explored whether estimated markers of vascular aging were associated with NCI indices in HIV-positive individuals., Methods: This study was a secondary analysis of an observational study. Neurocognitive functioning was assessed using a battery of 7 domains (verbal fluency, executive functioning, speed of information processing, attention/working memory, memory [learning and delayed recall], and motor skills). Vascular aging was assessed using estimated markers of arterial stiffness (ie, estimated pulse wave velocity, pulse pressure, and vascular overload index). A multivariable regression adjusted for demographics, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and HIV clinical variables was used to examine the association between vascular aging and NCI outcomes., Results: Among 165 people with HIV, the mean age was 51.5 ± 6.9 years (62% men and 83% African American/Black or Other). In fully adjusted models, an increase in estimated pulse wave velocity and pulse pressure was associated with lower T scores in learning (-2.95 [-5.13, -0.77]) and working memory (-2.37 [-4.36, -0.37]), respectively. An increase in vascular overload index was associated with lower T scores in working memory (-2.33 [-4.37, -0.29]) and learning (-1.85 [-3.49, -0.21])., Conclusions: Estimated markers of arterial stiffness were weakly associated with neurocognitive functioning, suggesting that vascular aging may have a role in cognitive decline among people with HIV., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

The United States has long been the leading destination for Latin Americans seeking refuge. However, in the last 7 years, many children from Mexico and northern Central America, composed of El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala, have joined this migratory flow. The experience of forced migration is intense, chronic, and complex for children in their home countries, during their journey, and on arrival in the United States. Their stories can inform clinical practices, such as Psychological First Aid and Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, to promote resilience in children in vulnerable conditions., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors have nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Type 2 inflammation in asthma develops with exposure to stimuli to include inhaled allergens from house dust mites (HDM). Features include mucus hypersecretion and the formation of pro-secretory ion transport characterised by elevated basal Cl - current. Studies using human sinonasal epithelial cells treated with HDM extract report a higher protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) agonist-induced calcium mobilisation that may be related to airway sensitisation by allergen-associated proteases. Herein, this study aimed to investigate the effect of HDM on Ca 2+ signalling and inflammatory responses in asthmatic airway epithelial cells. Primary bronchial epithelial cells (hPBECs) from asthma donors cultured at air-liquid interface were used to assess electrophysiological, Ca 2+ signalling and inflammatory responses. Differences were observed regarding Ca 2+ signalling in response to PAR-2 agonist 2-Furoyl-LIGRLO-amide (2-FLI), and equivalent short-circuit current (I eq ) in response to trypsin and 2-FLI, in ALI-asthma and healthy hPBECs. HDM treatment led to increased levels of intracellular cations (Ca 2+ , Na + ) and significantly reduced the 2-FLI-induced change of I eq in asthma cells. Apical HDM-induced Ca 2+ mobilisation was found to mainly involve the activation of PAR-2 and PAR-4-associated store-operated Ca 2+ influx and TRPV1. In contrast, PAR-2, PAR-4 antagonists and TRPV1 antagonist only showed slight impact on basolateral HDM-induced Ca 2+ mobilisation. HDM trypsin-like serine proteases were the main components leading to non-amiloride sensitive I eq and also increased interleukin-33 (IL-33) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) from asthma hPBECs. These studies add further insight into the complex mechanisms associated with HDM-induced alterations in cell signalling and their relevance to pathological changes within asthma., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The United States continues to experience an opioid overdose crisis. As a key social determinant of health, housing insecurity may contribute to initiation of substance use and can threaten outcomes for those with substance use disorders by increasing stress, risky substance use, discontinuity of treatment, and return to use, all of which may increase the risk of overdose. The Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program supports access to rental housing for low-income populations. By facilitating access to affordable housing, this program may improve housing security, thereby reducing overdose risk., Methods: We used data from LIHTC Property Data and the State Emergency Department Database (SEDD) to identify the number of LIHTC units available and opioid overdoses discharged from the emergency department (ED) in 13 states between 2005 and 2014., Results: Between 2005 and 2014, mean opioid overdose ED visits were higher in states with fewer LIHTC units (<28 LIHTC units per 100,000 population) at 26.5 per 100,000 population as compared to states with higher LIHTC units (≥28 LIHTC units per 100,000 population) at 21.1 per 100,000. We find that greater availability of LIHTC units was associated with decreased rates of opioid overdose ED visits (RR 0.94; CI 0.90, 1.00)., Conclusions: Given the importance of housing as a key social determinant of health, the provision of affordable housing may mitigate substance misuse and prevent nonfatal opioid overdose., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors: No conflicts declared., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Synaptic dysfunction and altered synaptic pruning are present in people with Parkinsonian disorders. Dopamine loss and alpha-synuclein accumulation, two hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology, contribute to synaptic dysfunction and reduced synaptic density in PD. Atypical Parkinsonian disorders are likely to have unique spatiotemporal patterns of synaptic density, differentiating them from PD. Therefore, quantification of synaptic density has the potential to support diagnoses, monitor disease progression, and treatment efficacy. Novel radiotracers for positron emission tomography which target the presynaptic vesicle protein SV2A have been developed to quantify presynaptic density. The radiotracers have successfully investigated synaptic density in preclinical models of PD and people with Parkinsonian disorders. Therefore, this review will summarize the preclinical and clinical utilization of SV2A radiotracers in people with Parkinsonian disorders. We will evaluate how SV2A abundance is associated with other imaging modalities and the considerations for interpreting SV2A in Parkinsonian pathology., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Neuroscience Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Dietary intake during infancy shapes later food preferences and is important for short- and long-term health and wellbeing. Although caregivers are thought to influence the developing food preferences of infants, children less than two years have been notably absent in existing meta-analyses on the topic. This scoping review seeks to fill this gap by using a systematic process to identify and summarize the published literature on the resemblance of caregiver and infant diet during the period of complementary feeding (6-23 months). Articles were included if they assessed intake of foods or beverages other than human milk or commercial milk formula and reported a test of association between the intake of caregivers and infants. Four electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Global Health) were systematically searched for articles published since 2000. Thirty-three articles, representing 32 studies, were identified. The majority of studies examined infant intake of food groups/items (n = 20), seven studies examined infant dietary patterns, and six studies examined dietary diversity. Studies predominantly reported associations between diets of mothers and infants (n = 31); three studies reported associations for fathers. Most studies assessed infant diet at one timepoint (n = 26), with 12 studies combining the intakes of younger (0-11 months) and older infants (12-23 months). Food groups examined, in order of frequency, included 'non-core' foods and beverages (n = 14), vegetables (n = 13), fruits (n = 12), protein foods (n = 6), grains (n = 5), and dairy foods (n = 4). Definitions of variables for food groups and dietary patterns were highly heterogeneous, but consistent for dietary diversity. Nearly all studies (n = 31) reported significant associations between dietary intakes of caregivers and infants. Findings suggest caregiver diet may be a promising focus for interventions aiming to shape the food preferences and dietary intakes of infants., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Around the world, paid work without appropriate structural support is a key barrier to optimal breastfeeding practices. To better protect, promote, and support optimal breastfeeding practices among working women in Africa, this scoping review sought to understand how paid work influences infant feeding practices in the first 6 mo of life and what support women need to manage work and optimal infant feeding practices. We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, Global Health, and CINAHL Plus, screened 2436 abstracts, and reviewed 322 full-text articles using Covidence for review and charting. We identified 203 articles that met the inclusion criteria. We identified 32 quantitative, 10 qualitative, 3 mixed-methods, and 2 review articles that focused on examining the relationship between work and breastfeeding, and 109 quantitative, 22 qualitative, 21 mixed-methods, and 4 review articles that included work as part of broader breastfeeding research but did not focus on work. Most studies reported a significant negative association between work and exclusive breastfeeding. Three major domains were reported in the qualitative studies: challenges to managing work and infant feeding, receiving support from employers and family members/caregivers, and strategies for feeding infants when the mother is working. Reviewed studies proposed recommendations to increase support for breastfeeding through changes to policies and support within worksites, the health system, and childcare; however, evidence of previously implemented policies or programs is limited. We recommend more consistent definitions and measurement of women's work. Future research is needed on the impact of implementing various strategies and benefits for breastfeeding at workplaces, as well as efforts to support breastfeeding among informal workers., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Neurodevelopment is a tightly coordinated process, during which the genome is exposed to spectra of endogenous agents at different stages of differentiation. Emerging evidence indicates that DNA damage is an important feature of developing brain, tightly linked to gene expression and neuronal activity. Some of the most frequent DNA damage includes changes to DNA bases, which are recognized by DNA glycosylases and repaired through base excision repair (BER) pathway. The only mammalian DNA glycosylase able to remove frequent alkylated DNA based is alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (Aag, aka Mpg). We recently demonstrated that, besides its role in DNA repair, AAG affects expression of neurodevelopmental genes in human cells. Aag was further proposed to act as reader of epigenetic marks, including 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), in the mouse brain. Despite the potential Aag involvement in the key brain processes, the impact of Aag loss on developing brain remains unknown. Here, by using Aag knockout (Aag -/- ) mice, we show that Aag absence leads to reduced DNA break levels, evident in lowered number of γH2AX foci in postnatal day 5 (P5) hippocampi. This is accompanied by changes in 5hmC signal intensity in different hippocampal regions. Transcriptome analysis of hippocampi and prefrontal cortex, at different developmental stages, indicates that lack of Aag alters gene expression, primarily of genes involved in regulation of response to stress. Across all developmental stages tested aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (Aldh2) emerged as one of the most prominent genes deregulated in Aag-dependent manner. In line with the changes in hippocampal DNA damage levels and the gene expression, adult Aag -/- mice exhibit altered behavior, evident in decreased anxiety levels determined in the Elevated Zero Maze and increased alternations in the Elevated T Maze tests. Taken together these results suggests that Aag has functions in modulation of genome dynamics during brain development, important for animal behavior., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Caregivers require tangible (e.g. food and financial) and intangible resources to provide care to ensure child health, nutrition and development. Intangible resources include beliefs and knowledge, education, self-efficacy, perceived physical health, mental health, healthy stress levels, social support, empowerment, equitable gender attitudes, safety and security and time sufficiency. These intangible caregiver resources are included as intermediate outcomes in nutrition conceptual frameworks yet are rarely measured as part of maternal and child nutrition research or evaluations. To facilitate their measurement, this scoping review focused on understudied caregiver resources that have been measured during the complementary feeding period in low- and lower-middle-income countries., Design: We screened 9,232 abstracts, reviewed 277 full-text articles and included 163 articles that measured caregiver resources related to complementary feeding or the nutritional status of children 6 months to 2 years of age., Results: We identified measures of each caregiver resource, though the number of measures and quality of descriptions varied widely. Most articles (77 %) measured only one caregiver resource, mental health ( n 83) and social support ( n 54) most frequently. Psychometric properties were often reported for mental health measures, but less commonly for other constructs. Few studies reported adapting measures for specific contexts. Existing measures for mental health, equitable gender attitudes, safety and security and time sufficiency were commonly used; other constructs lacked standardised measures., Conclusions: Measurement of caregiver resources during the complementary feeding period is limited. Measuring caregiver resources is essential for prioritising caregivers and understanding how resources influence child care, feeding and nutrition.

Rates of youth depression and suicide are rising worldwide and represent public health crises. The present study examined the relationship between trauma history and symptoms of depression, suicidal ideation, and anxiety among suicidal and depressed youth. A diverse group of 1000 8-20-year-olds enrolled in the statewide Texas Youth Depression and Suicide Research Network (TX-YDSRN) reported their trauma history (Traumatic Events Screening Inventory for Children) and symptoms of depression (Patient Health Questionnaire for adolescents; PHQ-A), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale; GAD-7), and suicidality (Concise Health Risk Tracking scale; CHRT-SR). Nearly half of the sample reported exposure to multiple categories of traumatic experiences. Number of trauma exposure categories significantly predicted PHQ-A and GAD-7 scores. Exposure to interpersonal trauma and to sexual trauma were significantly associated with PHQ-A, GAD-7, and CHRT-SR scores. The number of trauma exposure categories was associated with increased levels of anxiety and depression; however, only exposure to interpersonal or sexual trauma was associated with more suicidality. Clinicians should assess trauma exposure in patients seeking psychiatric care, especially for interpersonal and sexual trauma, which may be predictive of increased risk for suicidality in depressed youth. Future work should disentangle the effects of specific trauma types from multiple trauma exposure., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest Dr. Blader reports having received consultant and speakers’ honoraria from Supernus Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Brown has received consulting fees from Sage and Biogen Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Soares has served as an advisor or consultant for Asofarma, Boehringer Ingelheim, Johnson & Johnson, Livanova, Pfizer, Pulvinar Neuro LLC, Relmada, Sanofi, and Sunovian. He has received research grants from Alkermes, Allergan, and Compass and holds less than U.S. $5,000 in Atai Life Sciences stock. Dr. Wakefield serves as an Executive Committee Member of the Texas Child Mental Health Care Consortium. Dr. Trivedi has received research funding from NIMH, NIDA, NCATS, the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, and the Blue Cross Blue Shield of Texas. He has served as a consultant or advisor for ACADIA Pharmaceuticals, Alkermes Inc., Alto Neuroscience Inc, Applied Clinical Intelligence, LLC, Axsome Therapeutics, Biogen MA Inc, Boegringer Ingelheim, Cerebral Inc., Circular Genomics Inc., Compass Pathfinder Limited, Daiichi Sankyo Inc, GH Research, GreenLight VitalSign6 Inc, Heading Health, Health Care 16 Global Village, Janssen Pharmaceutical, Legion Health, Lundbeck Research USA, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Mind Medicine Inc., Myriad Neuroscience, Naki Health Ltd, Navitor, Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., Noema Pharma AG, Orexo US Inc., Otsuka America Pharmaceutical Inc, Perception Neuroscience Holdings, Pharmerit International, Policy Analysis Inc., Praxis Precision Medicines Inc, Relmada Therapeutics Inc., Rexahn Pharmaceuticals, Inc., SAGE Therapeutics, Signant Health, Sparian Biosciences, Titan Pharmaceuticals, Takeda Pharmaceuticals Inc, WebMD. He has received grant/research funding from NIMH, NIDA, NCATS, American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), and Blue Cross Blue Shield of Texas. Additionally, he has received editorial compensation from Engage Health Media, and Oxford University Press. Dr. Goodman, Mr. Elmore, Ms. Mayes, Dr. Minhajuddin, Dr. Slater, Dr. Liberzon, Dr. Baronia, Ms. Bivins, Dr. LaGrone, Ms. Jackson, and Dr. Martin have no disclosures to report., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This systematic review sought to describe the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization among immigrants in the United States (U.S.) and the prevalence of IPV perpetration among immigrants in the U.S. PsycInfo, PubMed, Global Health and Scopus databases were searched for peer-reviewed literature that quantitatively examined IPV in relation to immigration. Twenty-four articles were included in the final review. Past-year IPV victimization rates among immigrants ranged from 3.8% to 46.9% and lifetime IPV victimization rates ranged from 13.9% to 93%; past-year IPV perpetration rates ranged from 3.0% to 24.8% and the one lifetime IPV perpetration rate was 12.8%. Estimates varied widely by country of origin, type of violence measured, and measure used to quantify IPV. Reliance on small convenience samples is problematic when trying to determine the true prevalence of IPV among immigrants. Epidemiological research is needed to improve the accuracy and representativeness of findings., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

There is minimal research on the sport experiences of racialized young women athletes in Canada. When studying racialized groups, an inclusive and meaningful approach to research is necessary because ethnicity and race are integral to understanding identity, diversity, discrimination, and overall experiences in sport. The purpose of this qualitative description study was to explore the identities and body-related sport experiences of racialized young women athletes in a variety of sports in Canada. Eight racialized young women athletes (ages 14-18 years; M age  = 16.63, SD = 1.19) participated in multiple semi-structured one-on-one interviews and reflexive photography. A reflexive thematic analysis was conducted, and three overarching themes were generated that describe the athletes' identities and body-related sport experiences: (a) Who I am vs who they say I am; (b) My unique body in sport; and (c) The importance of representation. From these findings, three critical factors - intersectionality, discrimination, and diversity - are examined that influence the quality of sport experiences for racialized young women athletes in Canada., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)