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Rice stripe mosaic virus (RSMV) belongs to the Cytorhabdovirus species in the Rhabdoviridae family. Recently, RSMV was widely spread in East Asia and caused severe yield losses. RSMV is transmitted by the planthopper vectors, Recilia dorsalis, Nephotettix virescens, and Nilaparvata lugens, that mostly affect rice. The adult vectors can hibernate, transmit the virus, lay eggs on rice plants, and, finally, multiply in subsequent generations, resulting in new infection outbreaks. RSMV-infected rice varieties display striped mosaicism, mild dwarfism, stiff and twisted leaves, delayed heading, short panicles with large unfilled grains, and yield reduction. In nature, the infection of multiple pathogens in the same host is widespread, which is defined as co-infection. It can be antagonistic or synergistic. Pathological synergistic effects between RSMV and other viruses can generate strains with new genetic characteristics, leading to unpredictable epidemiological consequences. After the first identification of RSMV in 2015, significant advancements in understanding the disease's characteristics, symptoms, cycles, geographic distribution, potential vectors, and synergistic interaction, as well as its management strategies, were developed. To reduce the damage due to RSMV infection, many scientists have recommended pest control techniques to target adult vectors. It is also essential to confirm the actual time of monitoring, development of resistant varieties, and changes in cultivation systems. Due to the limitations of the conventional plant disease control technologies, improvements in efficiency and safety are in high demand. Therefore, to find efficient and environmentally safe controls to mitigate these challenges, reviews of research are the foremost step. In this review, we summarize the basic epidemiological information about the origin of RSMV and its infection symptoms in the field, synergistic interaction with viruses during co-transmission, yield losses, formulation of the disease cycle, and control strategies from several case studies. Finally, we recommend the formulation of the disease cycle and management strategies of RSMV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenotypic mutants are valuable resources for elucidating the function of genes responsible for their expression. This study examined mutant rice strains expressing three traits: spotted leaf 6 ( spl6 ), lax panicle ( lax ), and liguleless ( lg ). In the mutant, the spl6 phenotype was a genetically programmed lesion-mimicking mutation (LMM) that displayed spontaneously scattered spots across the leaf surface. In the lg trait, the plant lacked a collar region, and there were no auricles and ligules at the junction of the leaf blade and leaf sheath. The lax panicle trait manifested as sparely arranged spikelets resulting from the terminal spikelet with no lateral spikelets, which caused a drastic reduction of the total seed number in the mutant. All three mutant genes were genetically recessive and had nuclear gene regulation. The dihybrid segregation of the lg gene was classified independently according to the Mendelian 9:3:3:1 dihybrid segregation ratio in the F 2 generation, suggesting that the lg gene is not linked to the same chromosome as the lax and spl6 genes. On the other hand, spl6 and lax were not assorted independently, indicating that they are closely linked on chromosome 1 in rice. Additional linkage analysis from the recombination of spl6 and lax genes reconfirmed that the two genes were ~9.4 cM away from each other. The individual single-gene mutant plant from one plant with a three-gene mutation ( spl6 , lax , and lg ) was isolated and characterized, which will be a crucial resource for the gene cloning and molecular characterization of these genes.