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Life on Earth uses DNA as the central template for self‐replication, genetic encoding, and information transfer. However, there are no physical laws precluding life's existence elsewhere in space, and alternative life forms may not need DNA. In the search for exobiology, knowing what to look for as a biosignature remains a challenge – especially if it is not from the obvious list of biologic building blocks. Clues from chemicals recently discovered on Mars and in the Taurus Molecular Cloud 1 (TMC‐1), show that intriguing organic compounds exist beyond Earth, which could provide a starting point for unconventional exobiotic designs. Here we present a new potential self‐replicating system with structural similarities to recently discovered compounds on Mars and TMC‐1. Rather than using DNA's hydrogen‐bonding motif for reliable base‐paring, our design employs sulfur‐nitrogen interactions to selectively template unique benzothiadiazole units in sequence. We synthesized and studied two versions of this system, one reversible and the other irreversible, and found experimental evidence of self‐replication in d‐chloroform solvent. These results are part of a larger pursuit in our lab for developing a basis for a potential exobiological system using starting blocks closely related to these cosmic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular depressions are concave, shallow depressions found on planar landscape surfaces in the southern Namib Desert. They occur on gravelly substrates with nearly level to very slightly inclined surfaces. The depressions range from 6 to 10 m in diameter with centers typically depressed 10–20 cm below the level of the surrounding terrain. Locations of individual circular depressions were mapped at one site using ground-based measurements and at three additional sites using Google Earth imagery. At all sites, circular depressions are highly overdispersed with densities ranging from approximately 10–20/ha and corresponding nearest neighbor distances of 17–24 m. Large fragments of weathered calcrete and stones occur on soil surfaces surrounding circular depressions, but not within the depressions. Circular depressions at one site contained active burrow systems of Brants' whistling rat (Paratomys brantsii). Bioturbation by these rodents contributes to the non-cohesive nature of the sandy substrate, which promotes aeolian deflation and formation of the depressions. Excavations of the burrow systems by the honey badger (Mellivora capensis) in search of rodent prey can transfer large stones and calcrete fragments from the subsurface to the surface and subsequently move those materials about the surface. Even if such sequential, horizontal displacements are in random directions, such movements can eventually yield a central, clast-free area surrounded by a peripheral zone where the clasts accumulate once they have been displaced beyond the margin of the area to which the predator is drawn in search of rodent prey. A conceptual model consisting of a two-dimensional random walk of large clasts about the surface until they are displaced from the focal "arena" of rodent occupation provides a novel explanation for origin of a spatially organized pattern that is initiated through the random displacement of those materials. Comparable microtopographic patterning associated with bioturbation in other arid and semi-arid environments may have similar origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]