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Increasing environmental concerns and the need for sustainable energy sources have driven the researchers into alternative fuels. The study employs advanced statistical methods, specifically the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)-Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and k-Means Cluster Analysis. By integrating these techniques, the research aims to identify patterns and trends that lead to optimized fuel formulations. The performance metrics and emission parameters are outcomes parameters. ANFIS prediction models identified the Gaussian membership function as the most accurate, prompting its integration with GMM. The study demonstrates that the addition of Aluminium oxide nanoparticles significantly enhances the BTE, while reducing Hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. The optimal input combination was found to be Load is 100.00 %, Blend percentage is 45.71 %, NPC is 27.14, Hydrogen supply is 8.57 for which ideal outcomes are BTE 35.14 %, BSEC 1.07, HC 80.71 ppm, and NOx 128.57 ppm. • Addition of Aluminium oxide enhance the performance characteristics of biodiesel. • Hydrogen infusion was found to further improve combustion efficiency. • The GMM outperformed k-means clustering in accurately capturing performance outcomes. • ANFIS prediction models identified the Gaussian membership function as most accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A tremendous amount of recent work has been done on different metal oxide nanomaterials for biological activities and photocatalytic dye degradation. This work used the Cissus quadrangularis leaf extract to prepare TiO2, CdO, Mn2O3, and ZnO nanoparticles using a green synthesis approach. To ascertain the physicochemical characteristics of the generated metal oxide nanoparticles, various characterisation techniques were used. The X-ray diffraction technique was used to determine the composition of the crystal and phase. Metal oxide nanoparticles have been proven to be present through surface morphological investigations using a scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis. UV–Vis and Fourier transform infrared spectra were used for spectroscopic analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy can determine a material's elemental composition in addition to the electronic and chemical states of its atoms. The nanomaterial's distinct morphology, which resembles rods, rose petals, platelets, and spheres, was discovered by scanning electron microscope. Synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles have demonstrated a remarkable efficiency of 87.5–90.6% when utilized as a catalyst towards the removal of the malachite green dye under UV light irradiation. Additionally, we use the disc diffusion method to assess antibiotic efficacy against Bacillus subtilis, Candida tropicalis, and Escherichia coli. ZnO nanoparticles had the greatest zones of inhibition for 80 μL doses, measuring 26.99 mm for Bacillus subtilis, 27.57 mm for Escherichia coli, and 25.28 mm for Candida tropicalis. The antimicrobial activity was strongly impacted by the size of the nanoparticles and increased with decreasing particle size. Overall, our research demonstrates that metal oxide nanoparticles are a promising photocatalytic agent for wastewater treatment and biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractNanoparticles (NPs) possess the ability to penetrate cells and elicit a rapid and targeted immune response, influenced by their distinct physicochemical properties. These particles can engage with both micro and macromolecules, thereby impacting various downstream signaling pathways that may lead to cell death. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the primary mechanisms contributing to the immunotoxicity of both organic and inorganic nanoparticles. The effects of carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs), including single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene, and metal oxide nanoparticles, on various immune cell types such as macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and RAW 264.7 cells are examined. The immune responses discussed encompass inflammation, oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis. Additionally, the roles of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, along with JAK/STAT signaling pathways, are highlighted. The interaction of NPs with oxidative stress pathways, including MAPK signaling and Nrf2/ARE signaling, is also explored. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which nanoparticles induce damage to organelles such as lysosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, exosomes, and Golgi bodies within the immune system are addressed. The review also emphasizes the genotoxic and epigenetic mechanisms associated with the immunotoxicity of NPs. Recent advancements regarding the immunotherapeutic potential of engineered NPs are reported. The roles of autophagy and apoptosis in the immunotoxicity of NPs merit further investigation. In conclusion, understanding how engineered nanoparticles modulate immune responses may facilitate the prevention and treatment of human diseases, including cancer and autoimmune disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica (SiO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in dermal products. Their skin sensitization potential, especially their effects in combination with known sensitizers, is poorly studied in vitro and their sensitization inconsistently reported in animal studies. In this study, cellular assays were used to identify different steps of sensitization, the activation of keratinocytes and dendritic cells, when cells were exposed to these NPs in the absence and presence of sensitizers. Cellular systems included HaCaT keratinocytes and U937 (U-SENS™) alone, as well as different co-culture systems of THP-1 cells with HaCaT cells (COCAT) and with primary keratinocytes. The effect of NPs differed between co-cultures and U-SENS™, whereas co-cultures with either primary keratinocytes or HaCaT cells responded similarly. Pre-exposure to ZnO NPs increased the U-SENS™ assay response to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene six-fold. The COCAT increase was maximally four-fold for the combination of SiO2 and trans cinnamaldehyde. When the THP-1 cells were separated from the keratinocytes by a membrane, the response of the co-culture system was more similar to U-SENS™. The direct contact with keratinocytes decreased the modulating effect of TiO2 and ZnO NPs but suggested an increase in response to sensitizers following dermal contact with SiO2 NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and age-related lung disease that has few treatment options. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the introduction and development of IPF. In the present study, we developed multifunctional Cobalt (Co)–Manganese (Mn) complex oxide nanoparticles (Co-MnNPs), which can scavenge multiple types of ROS. Benefiting from ROS scavenging activities and good biosafety, Co-MnNPs can suppress canonical and non-canonical TGF-β pathways and, thus, inhibit the activation of fibroblasts and the productions of extracellular matrix. Furthermore, the scavenging of ROS by Co-MnNPs reduce the LPS-induced expressions of pro-inflammatory factors in macrophages, by suppressing NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, Co-MnNPs can reduce the excessive extracellular matrix deposition and inflammatory responses in lungs and, thus, alleviate pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin (BLM) in mice. Taken together, this work offers an anti-fibrotic agent for treatment of IPF and other ROS-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As cerium oxide nanoparticles (nCeO2) continue to infiltrate aquatic environments, the resulting health risks to exposed aquatic organisms are becoming evident. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are integral to the detoxification processes in these species. Herein, we conducted a genomic analysis of CYPs in Daphnia magna, encompassing phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, and chromosomal localization. We identified twenty-six CYPs in D. magna, categorizing them into four clans and seven families, distributed across six chromosomes and one unanchored scaffold. The encoded CYP proteins varied in length from 99 to 585 amino acids, with molecular weights ranging from 11.6 kDa to 66.4 kDa. A quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated a significant upregulation of CYP4C1.4, CYP4C1.5, CYP4C1.6, CYP4c3.3, and CYP4c3.6 in D. magna exposed to 150 mg/L nCeO2 for 24 h. The transcript levels of CYP4C1.3, CYP18a1, CYP4C1.1, and CYP4c3.9 were notably downregulated in D. magna exposed to 10 mg/L nCeO2 for 48 h. A further transcriptomic analysis identified differential expression patterns of eight CYP genes, including CYP4C1.3, in response to nCeO2 exposure. The differential regulation observed across most of the 26 CYPs highlights their potential role in xenobiotic detoxification in D. magna, thereby enhancing our understanding of CYP-mediated toxicological responses to metal nanoparticles in aquatic invertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desulfurization as a pre-treatment technique, of the transportation fuel is peremptory both for upgrading fuel quality for commercial exploitation and reducing the outflow of poisonous sulfur compounds for environmental remediation. This article encompasses the applications of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for the desulfurization of transportation fuels. This composite membrane system synergizes viable processability of the polymers and enhanced selectivity of different incorporated fillers. Hence it offers increased thermal stability, mechanical strength, excellent separation, and purification performance over traditional polymeric and inorganic membranes. These composite materials are widely studied for their potential applications in sensing, catalysis, water purification, gas separation, and adsorption. Herein, different types of MMMs with respect to fillers, chemical compositions and fabrication methods are focused and then systematically compiled and discussed the recent trend for the desulfurization of transportation fuels with profound scientific rationale. Finally, future prospects and room for further advancements in the wider spectrum of MMMs are discussed for better applications and adoptability in the processing of fuel oils. This review will assist the researchers working on the large-scale processing of transportation fuels with a single-point source of knowledge and will save ample amount of time as well as contribute into key future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONs) are particles with at least one dimension in the nanoscale range (1–100 nm). Their unique properties, significantly different from their bulk counterparts, make them promising materials for a wide range of applications in fields such as medicine, electronics, catalysis, environmental remediation, and energy storage. The precise control of MONs' properties, including size, shape, composition, crystallinity, and surface chemistry, is significant for optimizing their performance. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of synthesis methods of MONs. Correlation between synthesis parameters and properties highlights that creating nanomaterials with defined and controlled dimensions is a complex task that requires a deep understanding of various factors. Also, this study presents a model with adaptive parameters for synthesis conditions to acquire desired nanometric scale for particles size, which represents an essential task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) are widely used in medicine and environmental remediation because of their unique properties. However, their size, surface area, and reactivity can cause toxicity, potentially leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular or DNA damage. In this study, a nano-quantitative structure–toxicity relationship (nano-QSTR) model was initially developed to assess zebrafish toxicity for 24 MONPs. Previously established 23 first- and second-generation periodic table descriptors, along with five newly proposed third-generation descriptors derived from the periodic table, were employed. Subsequently, to enhance the quality and predictive capability of the nano-QSTR model, a nano-quantitative read across structure–toxicity relationship (nano-qRASTR) model was created. This model integrated read-across descriptors with modeled descriptors from the nano-QSTR approach. The nano-qRASTR model, featuring three attributes, outperformed the previously reported simple QSTR model, despite having one less MONP. This study highlights the effective utilization of the nano-qRASTR algorithm in situations with limited data for modeling, demonstrating superior goodness-of-fit, robustness, and predictability (R2 = 0.81, Q2LOO = 0.70, Q2F1/R2PRED = 0.76) compared to simple QSTR models. Finally, the developed nano-qRASTR model was applied to predict toxicity data for an external dataset comprising 35 MONPs, addressing gaps in zebrafish toxicity assessment.

This study reports an electrochemical sensor for detecting aspartame using square wave voltammetry (SWV) on ZnONP/BDDNP electrode. ZnONP/BDDNP was able to oxidize aspartame at a potential of 0.34 V in a phosphate buffer solution pH 2.0 with a current of 80.1 µA. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 0.07 µM, the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.25 µM and sensitivity was 1.23 µA µM-1. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 1.6%, less than 5% indicating that ZnONP/BDDNP has good precision. ZnONP/BDDNP showed better results compared with the BDDNP electrode. The developed method showed good linearity in the concentration range of 30-100 µM. This method was successfully applied to determine aspartame in beverage samples with a recovery range of 85-110%. This shows that ZnONP/BDDNP with the suggested method is potentially applied in practical used.

Over the years, machine learning (ML) algorithms have proven their ability to make reliable predictions of the toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles. This paper proposed a predictive ML model of the potential toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles. A dataset consisting of 79 descriptors including 24 metal oxide nanoparticles (MexOy NPs) and their physicochemical and structural characteristics is adopted. The proposed model comprises of three main phases. The first phase is used to analyze the characteristics of nanoparticles along with their toxicity behavior. In the second phase, the problems associated with the metal oxide nanoparticles dataset are tackled. The first problem namely the class imbalance problem is handled through utilizing synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE). The second problem namely the outliers is handled through applying a novel feature selection algorithm based on the enhanced binary version of the sine tree-seed algorithm (EBSTSA). The proposed EBSTSA is used to find the relevant features affecting toxicity. The density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) is utilized as a tool for identifying outliers in the dataset and for visualizing the impact of the feature selection on the performance of the subsequent classification. Finally, in the third phase, the support vector machine (SVM) supervised machine learning algorithm and k-fold cross-validation method are applied to classify the mode of action of each instance of nanoparticle as toxic or nontoxic. The simulation results showed that the EBSTSA-based feature selection algorithm is reliable and robust across 23 benchmark datasets from the UCI machine learning repository. The results also showed that proposed EBSTSA can effectively find the relevant descriptors for nano-particles. Furthermore, the results demonstrated the efficacy of the proposed ML toxicity prediction model. It is obtained on average 1.02% of error rate, 100% of specificity, 98.87% of sensitivity, and 99.47% of f1-score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports an electrochemical sensor for detecting aspartame using square wave voltammetry (SWV) on ZnONP/BDDNP electrode. ZnONP/BDDNP was able to oxidize aspartame at a potential of 0.34 V in a phosphate buffer solution pH 2.0 with a current of 80.1 µA. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 0.07 µM, the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.25 µM and sensitivity was 1.23 µA µM-1. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 1.6%, less than 5% indicating that ZnONP/BDDNP has good precision. ZnONP/BDDNP showed better results compared with the BDDNP electrode. The developed method showed good linearity in the concentration range of 30-100 µM. This method was successfully applied to determine aspartame in beverage samples with a recovery range of 85-110%. This shows that ZnONP/BDDNP with the suggested method is potentially applied in practical used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the housefly Musca domestica has developed a strain that is resistant to many chemical control methods, with the growing prevalence of metal nanoparticles in the environment due to their extensive utilization. The toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) has been deemed to be lower, which is regarded as being more environmentally advantageous. Insects are exposed to nanoparticles through various pathways; this investigation sought to characterize and evaluate the morphological effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on M. domestica third instar third larvae by feeding method, as well as pupae and adults arising from treatment in both field and sensitive strains. In this study, the titanium nanoparticles were used in different concentrations (25, 50, 60, and 75 μg/ml) against M. domestica third larval instar, then investigated the results of mortality after 24, 48, and 72 h in both strains, the sensitive strain (S.S.) and the field strain (F.S.). The highest mortality percentage was 77% in S.S. and 0.73% in F.S. After that, the effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO2NP) concentration on the pupae stage weight was calculated, and the lower weight of the pupa was 0.012 mg in F.S. through 75 μg/ml. Then, the adults' emergency and inhibition were noticed. In addition, the sex ratio and laid eggs in both strains were calculated. Some larvae and pupae were collected for physiological work under electron microscopy to indicate the effectiveness of the nanoparticles at the titanium concentration. As a conclusion, S.S. had a higher mortality rate than F.S. after 72 h of exposure time, as well as a high concentration of titanium nanoparticles (75 μg/ml). As the different concentrations of TiO2NPs affected pupae weight, adults emerged, inhibiting adults and sex ratio in both strains (S.S. and F.S.), and the most effective on them was 75 μg/ml. The positive control effect of TiO2NPS on M. domestica stages, as it is environmentally friendly, encouraged us to recommend focusing on it as a new and safe insecticide in the future for researchers in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread application of nanoparticles (NPs) in agriculture has not only enhanced the efficiency of agrochemical use but also introduced environmental pollution, potentially impacting human health through absorption and accumulation in edible plants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects and ecological risks of Cu2O nanoparticles (nCu2O) in the life cycle of soybean, and to provide a theoretical basis for the safe application of NPs in agriculture. Soybeans were grown in natural soil modified with nCu2O, bulk cuprous oxide (bCu2O) and copper sulfate (CuSO4) at concentrations of 0, 50, 200, and 800 mg/kg. Samples and grains from treated soybeans were collected at the flowering, podding, and seed-filling stages for analysis. The results indicated that treatments with nCu2O, bCu2O, and Cu2+ reduced the chlorophyll content in soybean leaves, thereby affecting photosynthesis. Significant reductions were observed in the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), the transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), the quantum yield of photosystem II (Y(II)), photochemical quenching (qP), and the electron transport rate (ETR) at high concentrations. However, the toxicity of nCu2O to photosynthesis recovers as the plant grows. Almost all treatments increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT) and reduced oxidative stress. In the nCu2O and bCu2O treatments, grain protein content was significantly reduced, while fat and water content increased. Phosphorus (P) content decreased, whereas sulfur (S), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) contents increased. The accumulation of copper in plants followed the order nCu2O > bCu2O > Cu2+, with the bCu2O treatment being slightly more toxic than the nCu2O treatment, and both being more toxic than the Cu2+ treatment. The above data indicated that nCu2O had a dose-dependent effect, which significantly inhibited soybean growth and changed grain quality at high concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is growing into a major public health crisis worldwide. The reducing alternatives to conventional agents starve for novel antimicrobial agents. Due to their unique magnetic properties and excellent biocompatibility, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are the most preferable nanomaterials in biomedicine, including antibacterial therapy, primarily through reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. IONP characteristics, including their size, shape, surface charge, and superparamagnetism, influence their biodistribution and antibacterial activity. External magnetic fields, foreign metal doping, and surface, size, and shape modification improve the antibacterial effect of IONPs. Despite a few disadvantages, IONPs are expected to be promising antibacterial agents of a new generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater arsenic mobilizations through multi-faucet channels pose a threat to living beings. To combat this, a self-reliant auto-combustive preparation route of magnetic cobalt and nickel oxide nanoparticles (CONP and NONP, respectively) was adopted and tested successfully to scavenge arsenic from contaminated water. FESEM-EDX was used to confirm the adsorption whereas the uptake process has been optimized concerning reaction adaptabilities such as contact time, concentration, and pH effects. The maximum adsorption capacity at neutral pH with CONP is 166.67 mg/g whereas NONP enjoys an edge with 200 mg/g. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.999) and Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.999) are the best fit for the uptake process of arsenic. Thermodynamic assessment suggests a spontaneous (∆G = − 9.916 kJ/ mol), endothermic (∆H = − 8.016 kJ/mol) process with limited randomness (∆S = 0.086 J/K.mol) at the solid–solution interface. Regeneration was achieved with dilute sulfuric acid, and the reusability test suggests retention of about 80% efficiency after five cycles. Comparative assessment with other recently reported materials strongly suggests the superiority of the present materials. The process is economically viable, sustainable, clean, and green which provides an alternative to scavenge arsenic better than any contemporary ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is used to investigate the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) on the structural and thermomechanical properties of poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) (PHPMA) nanocomposites. Five molecular models of pure PHPMA and PHPMA/Fe2O3 nanocomposites with different NP sizes and concentrations were constructed and analyzed. The dynamics of the various models were investigated using mean square displacement (MSD), and their glass transition temperature (Tg) was estimated using both density-temperature and MSD evaluation methods. The results reveal that the presence of Fe2O3 NPs enhances the molecular mobility and flexibility of polymer chains within the PHPMA matrix and decreases their Tg. Additionally, the introduction of Fe2O3 NPs significantly reduces the mechanical properties, such as Young’s and bulk modulus, of the PHPMA polymer. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that the impact of NPs on polymer properties is strongly influenced by NP features; an increase in NP size and concentration correlates with enhanced molecular mobility and flexibility, while Tg and mechanical properties exhibit a negative correlation with these parameters. These findings offer valuable insights into the influence of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the structural and thermomechanical properties of PHPMA nanocomposites, providing a foundation for optimizing their design and applications across various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic dyes play a crucial role in our daily lives, especially in clothing, leather accessories, and furniture manufacturing. Unfortunately, these potentially carcinogenic substances are significantly impacting our water systems due to their widespread use. Dyes from various sources pose a serious environmental threat owing to their persistence and toxicity. Regulations underscore the urgency in addressing this problem. In response to this challenge, metal oxide nanoparticles such as titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and iron oxide (Fe3O4) have emerged as intriguing options for dye degradation due to their unique characteristics and production methods. This paper aims to explore the types of nanoparticles suitable for dye degradation, various synthesis methods, and the properties of nanoparticles. The study elaborates on the photocatalytic and adsorption-desorption activities of metal oxide nanoparticles, elucidating their role in dye degradation and their application potential. Factors influencing degradation, including nanoparticle properties and environmental conditions, are discussed. Furthermore, the paper provides relevant case studies, practical applications in water treatment, and effluent treatment specifically in the textile sector. Challenges such as agglomeration, toxicity concerns, and cost-effectiveness are acknowledged. Future advancements in nanomaterial synthesis, their integration with other materials, and their impact on environmental regulations are potential areas for development. In conclusion, metal oxide nanoparticles possess immense potential in reducing dye pollution, and further research and development are essential to define their role in long-term environmental management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONP/s) induce DNA damage, which is influenced by their physicochemical properties. In this study, the high-throughput CometChip and micronucleus (MicroFlow) assays were used to investigate DNA and chromosomal damage in mouse lung epithelial cells induced by nano and bulk sizes of zinc oxide, copper oxide, manganese oxide, nickel oxide, aluminum oxide, cerium oxide, titanium dioxide, and iron oxide. Ionic forms of MONPs were also included. The study evaluated the impact of solubility, surface coating, and particle size on response. Correlation analysis showed that solubility in the cell culture medium was positively associated with response in both assays, with the nano form showing the same or higher response than larger particles. A subtle reduction in DNA damage response was observed post-exposure to some surface-coated MONPs. The observed difference in genotoxicity highlighted the mechanistic differences in the MONP-induced response, possibly influenced by both particle stability and chemical composition. The results highlight that combinations of properties influence response to MONPs and that solubility alone, while playing an important role, is not enough to explain the observed toxicity. The results have implications on the potential application of read-across strategies in support of human health risk assessment of MONPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RuO2 is widely used as an acidic electrocatalyst to achieve high catalytic activity, but the severe leaching and scarcity of the Ru element restrict application on a large scale. Strategies such as designing nanostructures and adjusting metals' electronic properties to regulate the adsorption of reaction intermediates can be used for the design and preparation of catalysts. Herein, we designed an acid-treated RuO2/Co3O4 nanostructure electrocatalyst with low Ru content and an intimate heterogeneous interface to disrupt the trade-off relationship between stability and activity. The resulting acid-treated RuO2/Co3O4 displayed an overpotential of 152 mV in a 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte, greatly exceeding that of commercial RuO2 (221 mV). Despite continuous operation for 150 h, it still exhibited good stability with a degradation rate of 0.67 mV·h–1. Multiple characterization analyses revealed that an electron transfer occurs from Ruoct to Cooct(III) sites through the mutual O atoms in acid-treated RuO2/Co3O4, which is further strengthened by the presence of oxygen vacancies. The oxygen vacancy and heterogeneous interface synergistically regulate electronic dispersion, optimize the adsorption of the oxygen intermediates (*OOH), and improve the reaction kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). This work brings to light the significance of oxygen vacancies for modulating the electronic structure of RuO2 nanoparticles and enhancing stability on Co3O4 support, thus highlighting the use of nanostructure and interfacial engineering to achieve better acidic OER catalyst design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium can grow in a variety of settings and cause infections that can be fatal, making it a serious threat. Partially purified and characterized bacteriocins with antimicrobial efficacy demonstrated antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria. Methods: Zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO-NPs)were synthesized by a biological method from suspensions of E. faecium bacteria isolated from the Gums of healthy people at different time points (24 and 48 hour), and temperatures ranging from (35-37)°C to pH (5 - 5.30). Results: The size of ZnO-NP particles has been determined. The biosynthesized ZnO-NPs' peak of absorption was visible in the UV-VIS spectrum at 267 nm. The mean dimension of the biosynthesized ZnO-NPs was determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) to be within 259.2 nm. Three different peak shapes in the XRD spectra demonstrated the production of ZnO NPs. Analysis using X-ray (EDX) demonstrates the zinc content of the ZnO-NPs. SEM was utilized to evaluate dimensions and form. The vast majority of the particles were spherical and uniform in shape, based on SEM images. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined at concentrations ranging between 1000,500, 250,125,64 µg/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentration for ZnO-NPs prepared from E. faecium using the microtiter plate method was 250 µg/mL. The toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles was tested on human lymphocytes. Conclusions: ZnO-NPs were synthesized successfully using an easy-to-use, lowcost, green, high-throughput, and environmentally friendly technology that showed remarkable antibacterial effectiveness against a variety of bacterial species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biogenic synthesis of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles was boosted by the use of a recently found organic acid produced from Citrus sinensis. Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles were synthesized at 350 °C and 450 °C, and their physical and chemical properties were studied using a number of different characterisation techniques. Crystalline structure and phase were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of as-synthesized and annealed Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles. This finding demonstrates that the Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles have a unique, cubic spinel structure with only one phase. With the use of well-established formulae, we were able to calculate the crystallite size and lattice parameter of the synthesized Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles, and found that their size increased as a function of the annealing temperature, from 11 nm to 34 nm. The FTIR method was used to analyse the as-synthesized and annealed Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles for functional groups, molecular structure, and chemical bonding. Metallic components at 465, 551 and 1628 cm−1 were found after analysing the three samples. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) was used to analyse the surface morphology and grain size fluctuations of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles, while Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) was used to study the elemental composition. Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles' thermal characteristics change depending on the annealing temperature. The antibacterial efficacy of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles, manufactured using green methods, was assessed against two different types of bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distinct physicochemical and biological characteristics of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles have attracted considerable interest in various branches of dentistry as potential solutions to the problems associated with conventional dental treatments and to promote human health. Many scientists have been interested in nanoparticles for endodontic applications in the last several decades. Endodontic treatment is more likely to be successful when metal and metal oxide nanoparticles are used. Endodontic therapies often make use of nanoparticles made of metals and metal oxides. The effect of nano metals and metal oxide in endodontic treatments has not been published or is not widely available in the literature. Therefore, this paper aims to review recent studies on the development and application of some important metal and metal oxide nanoparticles such as silver and silver oxide, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium dioxide and other metal oxide nanoparticles in endodontic therapeutic procedures.

Abstract Background Cancer is a significant global health issue, resulting from uncontrolled cell division leading to abnormal cell or tissue growth. Traditional chemotherapeutic techniques have investigated a wide variety of pharmaceutically active molecules despite their poor bioavailability, quick renal clearance, inconsistent distribution, and unavoidable side effects. Green synthesis, unlike chemical methods, prioritizes eco-friendliness and cost-effectiveness. Using natural sources like plant extracts, it minimizes environmental impact, reduces costs, and aligns with sustainability goals. Operating under milder conditions, it consumes less energy compared to traditional approaches. Green synthesis is a highly promising and efficient method for producing nanoparticles due to its versatility and scalability. Main body Nanotechnology is making progress in cancer treatment because of nanoparticles' tiny size, large surface area, adaptability, and functionality, as well as their potential to induce apoptotic pathways and fast penetration or internalization into cancer cells. Biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant or microbe extracts is attracting attention to replace toxic chemicals with phytochemicals that can act as reducing, capping, or stabilizing agents and improve metallic nanoparticles biocompatibility, antitumor, and antioxidant properties. This review focuses on biosynthesized metallic nanoparticles and their anticancer effects on breast, prostate, skin, cervical, colorectal, lung, and liver cancer. Conclusion Biosynthesis of nanoparticles for cancer therapy stands at the forefront of innovative and sustainable approaches. Despite challenges, ongoing research demonstrates the potential of biosynthesis to revolutionize cancer nanomedicine, emphasizing the need for continued exploration and collaboration in this rapidly advancing field. Overall, this review offers a comprehensive understanding of the most recent developments in biosynthesized metallic nanoparticles for the treatment of cancer as well as their potential future applications in medicine.

Abstract Periodontitis, one of the most prevalent dental diseases, causes the loss of bone and gum tissue that hold teeth in place. Several bacteria, commonly present in clinically healthy oral cavities, may induce and perpetuate periodontitis when their concentration rises in the gingival sulcus. Antibacterial effect against various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including pathogenic and drug-resistant ones, has been shown for several distinct transient metal and metal oxide NPs. Therefore, NPs may be used in biomedicine to treat periodontal problems and in nanotechnology to inhibit the development of microorganisms. Instead of using harmful chemicals or energy-intensive machinery, biosynthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) has been suggested. To produce metal and metal oxide NPs, the ideal technique is “Green” synthesis because of its low toxicity and safety for human health and the environment. Gold NPs (AuNPs) appear to be less toxic to mammalian cells than other nanometals because their antibacterial activity is not dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS). AgNPs also possess chemical stability, catalytic activity, and superior electrical and thermal conductivity, to name a few of their other advantageous characteristics. It was observed that zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs and copper (Cu) NPs exhibited discernible inhibitory effects against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains, respectively. ZnO NPs demonstrated bactericidal activity against the microorganisms responsible for periodontitis. Medications containing magnetic NPs are highly effective against multidrug-resistant bacterial and fungal infections. The titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs are implicated in elevating salivary peroxidase activity in individuals diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. Furthermore, specific metallic NPs have the potential to enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of periodontitis treatments when combined. Therefore, these NPs, as well as their oxide NPs, are only some of the metals and metal oxides that have been synthesized in environmentally friendly ways and shown to have therapeutic benefits against periodontitis. Graphical Abstract

While urbanisation has numerous advantages, it causes greater risks to the environment and human health because of the release of heavy metals, various organic and inorganic contaminants, personal care products, and pharmaceuticals. Though several actions are being taken daily to lessen the release of harmful substances, there is still an immediate need to find a suitable solution to protect the environment. Nanotechnology has multifaceted applications, and there is extensive evidence of the emerging applications of nanoremediation, especially for soil and water pollution. Iron nanoparticles showed outstanding removal efficiency towards hexavalent chromium (100 %). Likewise, several publications on soil and water remediation employ nanomaterials based on metals, carbon, and polymers. However, most of the previously conducted works present the key nanoremediation results without depicting each nanomaterial's advantages and disadvantages. Hence, this work critically reviews the pros and cons of each nanomaterial with a special focus towards novel approaches using green synthesised nanomaterials that are completely eco-friendly and hence preferred for the removal of various contaminants without producing harmful effects. However, some bottlenecks exist in fully implementing the green nanoparticles for Nanoremediation. Thus, the review discusses the limitations of green nanomaterials that need to be addressed soon to maintain environmental sustainability. Finally, this review presents opportunities for future work in assessing the eco-safety of each nanomaterial that boosts the further utilisation of nanotechnology in the sustainable remediation of contaminated soil and water.

Silica (SiO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in dermal products. Their skin sensitization potential, especially their effects in combination with known sensitizers, is poorly studied in vitro and their sensitization inconsistently reported in animal studies. In this study, cellular assays were used to identify different steps of sensitization, the activation of keratinocytes and dendritic cells, when cells were exposed to these NPs in the absence and presence of sensitizers. Cellular systems included HaCaT keratinocytes and U937 (U-SENS™) alone, as well as different co-culture systems of THP-1 cells with HaCaT cells (COCAT) and with primary keratinocytes. The effect of NPs differed between co-cultures and U-SENS™, whereas co-cultures with either primary keratinocytes or HaCaT cells responded similarly. Pre-exposure to ZnO NPs increased the U-SENS™ assay response to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene six-fold. The COCAT increase was maximally four-fold for the combination of SiO2 and trans cinnamaldehyde. When the THP-1 cells were separated from the keratinocytes by a membrane, the response of the co-culture system was more similar to U-SENS™. The direct contact with keratinocytes decreased the modulating effect of TiO2 and ZnO NPs but suggested an increase in response to sensitizers following dermal contact with SiO2 NPs.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and age-related lung disease that has few treatment options. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the introduction and development of IPF. In the present study, we developed multifunctional Cobalt (Co)–Manganese (Mn) complex oxide nanoparticles (Co-MnNPs), which can scavenge multiple types of ROS. Benefiting from ROS scavenging activities and good biosafety, Co-MnNPs can suppress canonical and non-canonical TGF-β pathways and, thus, inhibit the activation of fibroblasts and the productions of extracellular matrix. Furthermore, the scavenging of ROS by Co-MnNPs reduce the LPS-induced expressions of pro-inflammatory factors in macrophages, by suppressing NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, Co-MnNPs can reduce the excessive extracellular matrix deposition and inflammatory responses in lungs and, thus, alleviate pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin (BLM) in mice. Taken together, this work offers an anti-fibrotic agent for treatment of IPF and other ROS-related diseases.

Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONs) are particles with at least one dimension in the nanoscale range (1–100 nm). Their unique properties, significantly different from their bulk counterparts, make them promising materials for a wide range of applications in fields such as medicine, electronics, catalysis, environmental remediation, and energy storage. The precise control of MONs’ properties, including size, shape, composition, crystallinity, and surface chemistry, is significant for optimizing their performance. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of synthesis methods of MONs. Correlation between synthesis parameters and properties highlights that creating nanomaterials with defined and controlled dimensions is a complex task that requires a deep understanding of various factors. Also, this study presents a model with adaptive parameters for synthesis conditions to acquire desired nanometric scale for particles size, which represents an essential task.

Nanocomposite membranes based on electrospun-cellulose (EC) composites combined with cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated by electrospinning using cellulose acetate (CA) as a precursor. CeO2 NPs were initially synthesized via cellulose nitrate template. After removing the template and any residual by calcination at 500 °C, the nanocubic CeO2 NPs were obtained with average sizes of 20.40 ± 3.8 nm and then incorporated into cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) by mixing with CA solution. Subsequently, the obtained CA/CeO2 nanocomposite membrane was formed via the electrospinning and then converted to the EC/CeO2 nanocomposite membrane by being treated with a NaOH ethanolic solution. FTIR analysis confirmed the stepwise conversion of the acetyl group in CA structure to the hydroxyl groups of cellulose. The fabricated nanocomposite membranes characterized via FE-SEM and AFM, evaluating that the addition of CeO2 NPs incorporated into the fabricated CNFs resulted in changing their average fiber diameter without the exfoliation of CeO2 NPs. The average fiber diameter of the EC and EC/CeO2 nanocomposite membranes with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt% CeO2 contents was estimated to be 206 ± 66, 189 ± 47, 178 ± 52, and 147 ± 108 nm, respectively. However, it was observed that, at 1.5 wt% of CeO2 NP contents, the bead-like formation appeared, leading to enhancement of water uptake capacities up to 260.11 ± 15.93%, meanwhile the EC membrane exhibited the water uptake capacities of 203.77 ± 11.11%. In addition, the antibacterial activity of EC nanocomposite membranes was conducted against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The results indicated that incorporating CeO2 NPs into the CNF matrix via electrospinning does not exhibit the distinct antibacterial activities of EC. The effect of the CeO2 NPs incorporated in EC nanocomposite membranes was further discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the alteration of external factors during crude oil extraction easily disrupts the thermodynamic equilibrium of asphaltene, resulting in the continuous flocculation and deposition of asphaltene molecules in crude oil. This accumulation within the pores of reservoir rocks obstructs the pore throat, hindering the efficient extraction of oil and gas, and consequently, affecting the recovery of oil and gas resources. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the principles of asphaltene deposition inhibition and the synthesis of asphaltene inhibitors. In recent years, the development of nanotechnology has garnered significant attention due to its unique surface and volume effects. Nanoparticles possess a large specific surface area, high adsorption capacity, and excellent suspension and catalytic abilities, exhibiting unparalleled advantages compared with traditional organic asphaltene inhibitors, such as sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and salicylic acid. At present, there are three primary types of nanoparticle inhibitors: metal oxide nanoparticles, organic nanoparticles, and inorganic nonmetal nanoparticles. This paper reviews the recent advancements and application challenges of nanoparticle asphaltene deposition inhibition technology based on the mechanism of asphaltene deposition and nano-inhibitors. The aim was to provide insights for ongoing research in this field and to identify potential future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a changing environmental scenario, acid rain can have a significant impact on aquatic ecosystems. Acidification is known to produce corrosion in metals, hence increasing their harmful effects on the environment, organisms and human health. The prevalent use of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) in everyday products raises concerns regarding exposure and nanotoxicity even in these acidified conditions. We thus report on the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of nickel oxide (NiO‐NP) and zinc oxide (ZnO‐NP) NPs when suspended in aqueous media in light of pH variations (7.5 and 5). A modified microsuspension method of the Salmonella/microsome assay was adopted, and strains (TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102) were exposed to NPs (10–1280 μg/plate) with and without a metabolization fraction. The acidic condition favored disaggregation and caused a decrease in NPs size. Mutagenicity was observed in all samples and different strains, with greater DNA base pair substitution damage (TA100 and TA102), but extrinsic conditions (pH) suggest different action mechanisms of NiO‐NP and ZnO‐NP on genetic content. Mutagenic activity was found to increase upon metabolic activation (TA98, TA100, and TA102) demonstrating the bioactivity of NiO‐NP and ZnO‐NP in relation to metabolites generated by the mammalian p450 system in vitro. Modifications in the Salmonella assay methodology increased cell exposure time. The observed responses recommend this modified assay as one of the methodologies of choice for nanoecotoxicological evaluation. These findings emphasize the significance of incorporating the environmental context when evaluating the toxicity of metal‐based NPs. The aim of this study was to explore the role of pH variation in aqueous media on the mutagenic potential of nickel oxide (NiO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. The acidic condition favored disaggregation and a decrease in the size of the nanoparticles. Mutagenicity was observed for NiO (similar at both pHs) and ZnO (increased at neutral pH). A greater DNA base pair substitution damage was found. Mutagenic responses increase upon metabolic activation (except for TA97a). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study presents a simple and an efficient chemical method for the synthesis of TiO2@NiO core‐shell nanoparticles (CSNPs) as photocatalyst for effective degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) in an aqueous solution upon sunlight irradiation. First, TiO2 spheres were synthesized using a wet chemical method. Then, TiO2@Ni(OH)2 precursors were prepared via homogeneous precipitation and TiO2@NiO core‐shell nanoparticles were obtained on calcination of the precursors. The synthesized precursors and the TiO2@NiO CSNPs were analyzed using XRD, FT‐IR, FESEM and DRS. XRD data shows the presence of both TiO2 and NiO phases in the TiO2@NiO samples. FE‐SEM and TEM analyses confirm coating of NiO NPs on TiO2 spheres with varying shell thickness (40 nm to 170 nm). Optical studies reveal that TiO2@NiO CSNPs possess band gap of about 3.7 eV. Photoluminescence (PL) results show lower recombination rate of e− and h+ pairs in the TiO2@NiO CSNPs. XPS studies confirm the presence of different elements in the TiO2@NiO CSNPs. Magnetic investigations reveal ferromagnetic behavior of the core‐shell NPs at 5 K. The TiO2@NiO CSNPs were explored as photocatalyst for the degradation of rhodamine B in water under natural sunlight. The TiO2@NiO CSNPs exhibit better photocatalytic activity compared to TiO2 and NiO nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper explores the field of nanobiotechnology, focusing on the design, characterisation, and potential dermal applications of metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs). ZnO and FeO NPs exhibit distinctive properties that are valuable in dermato‐cosmetic applications and transdermal drug delivery. This study investigates Cannabidiol (CBD) as a capping agent for MONPs synthesis. Employing microwave‐assisted techniques, MONPs were synthesised using either CBD or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as capping agents. The TEM, SEM, FTIR, and XRD characterisation results confirmed the successful formation of CBD‐capped ZnO and FeO NPs exhibiting an average particle size of 90 and 76 nm, respectively. The cytotoxicity of CBD‐capped MONPs was evaluated on HaCaT cells over a concentration range of 100 to 6.25 μg/mL, which revealed that CBD‐capped ZnO NPs exerted a cytotoxic effect on HaCaT cells (IC50 85.34±1.17 μg/mL). In contrast, CBD‐capped FeO NPs and PVP‐capped MONPs exhibited negligible cytotoxicity (IC50 >100 μg/mL). TEM analysis revealed a noticeable structural alteration of ZnO NPs in the supplemented cell culture medium, which could contribute to enhanced NP uptake, thereby explaining the more pronounced cytotoxic effect of ZnO NPs. Therefore, the disparity in cytotoxic responses can be attributed to the protein coating adhering to the NPs surface in a biological medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymers reinforced with metal oxide nanoparticles exhibit interesting possibilities from an application point of view due to the homogeneous distribution of nanoparticles and superior thermal and mechanical properties. In the present work, silicon dioxide (SiO2), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were prepared by the microwave hydrothermal method, and polymer nanocomposites based on them were processed in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix. The size of the SiO2, ZrO2, and ZnO nanoparticles is around 80 nm, 44 nm, and 95.71 nm, respectively. The thermal decomposition behavior of pure PVA and nanocomposites was studied using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In the case, of nanocomposites, at 50% weight loss, the temperature was shifted by nearly 80°C compared to the pure PVA. Furthermore, the SiO2 doped nanocomposites showed a three-stage temperature decomposition in the DSC spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of research was to fabricate nanohybrid nanopapers based on bacterial cellulose (CNF) and chitosan (CHNF) nanofibers by incorporation of iron oxide (Fe3O4) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles (NPs). The nanopapers were characterized and their efficiency in selective adsorption of free fatty acids (FFA) from sesame oil was investigated. The oil adsorption capacity and NPs loading capacity of CHNF-based nanopapers were higher than CNF-based ones. The selective adsorption capacity of FFA from sesame oil/oleic acid mixture showed that the nanohybrids are more likely to absorb FFA than to triglycerides and the peroxide value of the oil shows no adverse effect on oxidative deterioration of oil. All nanopapers preserved more than 70% of their activity after 5-stage cycle reusing. Generally, the use of nanopapers as an alternative to chemical neutralization method in the removal of FFA from edible oils can be suggested and the Fe3O4-dopped CHNF nanopaper exhibited the best performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunset Yellow FCF (SY FCF) is one of the widely used synthetic azo dyes in the food industry whose content has to be controlled for safety reasons. Electrochemical sensors are a promising tool for this type of task. A voltammetric sensor based on a combination of tin and cerium dioxide nanoparticles (SnO2–CeO2 NPs) with surfactants has been developed for SY FCF determination. The synergetic effect of both types of NPs has been confirmed. Surfactants of various natures (sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), Brij® 35, and hexadecylpyridinium bromide (HDPB)) have been tested as dispersive media. The best effects, i.e., the highest oxidation currents of SY FCF, have been observed in the case of HDPB. The sensor demonstrates a 4.5-fold-higher electroactive surface area and a 38-fold-higher electron transfer rate compared to the bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electrooxidation of SY FCF is an irreversible, two-electron, diffusion-driven process involving proton transfer. In differential pulse mode in Britton–Robinson buffer (BRB) pH 2.0, the sensor gives a linear response to SY FCF from 0.010 to 1.0 μM and from 1.0 to 100 μM with an 8.0 nM detection limit. The absence of an interferent effect from other typical food components and colorants has been shown. The sensor has been tested on soft drinks and validated with the standard chromatographic method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the successful synthesis of a biogenic ZnO/CuO/Fe2O3 nanocomposite using an aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum Basilicum L. The confirmation of biosynthesis was achieved through UV–Visible spectrophotometry (UV–Vis), which provided evidence of ZnO/CuO/Fe2O3 NC formation. Scanning Electron Microscopy further confirmed the nanoscale size of the NC, measuring at 65 nm. X-Ray Diffraction analysis revealed a hexagonal structure for ZnO and a monoclinic structure for CuO. The successful synthesis of the environmentally friendly ZnO/CuO/Fe2O3 NC was further verified using Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, which identified the functional groups present in the composite. Notably, the ZnO/CuO/Fe2O3 NC demonstrated exceptional degradation capabilities for toluidine blue (TB), p-toluidine (PT), and m-Toluidine (MT), with degradation rates of 99%, 99.1%, and 99.7%, respectively, within a reaction time of 120 min. The reaction kinetics followed a pseudo-first order model, with rate constant (k) values of 0.0314 min−1 and 0.0189 min−1 for TB and PT, respectively. This high rate of dye degradation can be attributed to the low band gap of the NC, which was determined to be 1.44 eV for the indirect bandgap. Furthermore, the nanocomposite exhibited excellent degradation reusability, maintaining a high degradation rate in each cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a broad category of disease that can affect virtually any organ or tissue in the body when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably, invade surrounding tissue, and/or spread to other organs. Dabrafenib is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. In the present study, two newly developed spectrofluorimetric probes for the detection of the anticancer drug Dabrafenib (DRF) in its authentic and pharmaceutical products using an ecologically synthesized copper oxide nanoparticle (CuONPs) from Salvia officinalis leaf extract and a copper chelate complex are presented. The first system is based on the influence of the particular optical properties of CuONPs on the enhancement of fluorescence detection. The second system, on the other hand, acts through the formation of a copper charge transfer complex. Various spectroscopic and microscopic studies were performed to confirm the environmentally synthesized CuONPs. The fluorescence detections in the two systems were measured at λex 350 and λem of 432 nm. The results showed the linear concentration ranges for the DRF-CuONPs-SDS and DRF-Cu-SDS complexes were determined to be 1.0-500 ng mL− 1 and 1.0-200 ng mL− 1, respectively. FI = 1.8088x + 21.418 (r = 0.9997) and FI = 2.7536x + 163.37 (r = 0.9989) were the regression equations. The lower detection and quantification limits for the aforementioned fluorescent systems were determined to be 0.4 and 0.8 ng mL− 1 and 1.0 ng mL− 1, respectively. The results also showed that intra-day DRF assays using DRF-CuONPs-SDS and DRF-Cu(NO3)2-SDS systems yielded 0.17% and 0.54%, respectively. However, the inter-day assay results for the above systems were 0.27% and 0.65%, respectively. The aforementioned two systems were effectively used in the study of DRF with excellent percent recoveries of 99.66 ± 0.42% and 99.42 ± 0.56%, respectively. Excipients such as magnesium stearate, titanium dioxide, red iron oxide, and silicon dioxide used in pharmaceutical formulations, as well as various common cations, amino acids, and sugars, had no effect on the detection of compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] While urbanisation has numerous advantages, it causes greater risks to the environment and human health because of the release of heavy metals, various organic and inorganic contaminants, personal care products, and pharmaceuticals. Though several actions are being taken daily to lessen the release of harmful substances, there is still an immediate need to find a suitable solution to protect the environment. Nanotechnology has multifaceted applications, and there is extensive evidence of the emerging applications of nanoremediation, especially for soil and water pollution. Iron nanoparticles showed outstanding removal efficiency towards hexavalent chromium (100 %). Likewise, several publications on soil and water remediation employ nanomaterials based on metals, carbon, and polymers. However, most of the previously conducted works present the key nanoremediation results without depicting each nanomaterial's advantages and disadvantages. Hence, this work critically reviews the pros and cons of each nanomaterial with a special focus towards novel approaches using green synthesised nanomaterials that are completely eco-friendly and hence preferred for the removal of various contaminants without producing harmful effects. However, some bottlenecks exist in fully implementing the green nanoparticles for Nanoremediation. Thus, the review discusses the limitations of green nanomaterials that need to be addressed soon to maintain environmental sustainability. Finally, this review presents opportunities for future work in assessing the eco-safety of each nanomaterial that boosts the further utilisation of nanotechnology in the sustainable remediation of contaminated soil and water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread application of nanoparticles (NPs) in agriculture has not only enhanced the efficiency of agrochemical use but also introduced environmental pollution, potentially impacting human health through absorption and accumulation in edible plants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects and ecological risks of Cu2O nanoparticles (nCu2O) in the life cycle of soybean, and to provide a theoretical basis for the safe application of NPs in agriculture. Soybeans were grown in natural soil modified with nCu2O, bulk cuprous oxide (bCu2O) and copper sulfate (CuSO4) at concentrations of 0, 50, 200, and 800 mg/kg. Samples and grains from treated soybeans were collected at the flowering, podding, and seed-filling stages for analysis. The results indicated that treatments with nCu2O, bCu2O, and Cu2+ reduced the chlorophyll content in soybean leaves, thereby affecting photosynthesis. Significant reductions were observed in the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), the transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), the quantum yield of photosystem II (Y(II)), photochemical quenching (qP), and the electron transport rate (ETR) at high concentrations. However, the toxicity of nCu2O to photosynthesis recovers as the plant grows. Almost all treatments increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT) and reduced oxidative stress. In the nCu2O and bCu2O treatments, grain protein content was significantly reduced, while fat and water content increased. Phosphorus (P) content decreased, whereas sulfur (S), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) contents increased. The accumulation of copper in plants followed the order nCu2O > bCu2O > Cu2+, with the bCu2O treatment being slightly more toxic than the nCu2O treatment, and both being more toxic than the Cu2+ treatment. The above data indicated that nCu2O had a dose-dependent effect, which significantly inhibited soybean growth and changed grain quality at high concentrations.