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Currently, reforestation efforts focus primarily on deciduous species replacing coniferous monocultures. Related to this are efforts to identify their interactions in the soil. Root exudation has many functions, including plant communication with soil microorganisms and the solubilisation of nutrients. Root exudates reflect the situation in the soil, as well as refer to the plant species and health/fitness. The idea here was to reveal the typical content of low-molecular-weight phenolic acids in the soil solution that occur in the early-life stages of most typical temperate deciduous trees Quercus robur, Sorbus torminalis, Fagus sylvatica and Acer pseudoplatanus, including the fast-growing invasive Robinia pseudoacacia. To compare their initial strategies and ambient, seedlings were planted in the pot experiment for one season since emergence. The following phenolic acids were detected in detectable concentrations: vanillic, 4-benzoic, syringic, p-coumaric and salicylic. Each tree species tested showed a unique fingerprint in these acids, which can be considered species-specific, i.e., their presence differed among the species. Robinia pseudoacacia (unlike the other trees tested) showed the ability to maintain high levels of p-coumaric acid in the soil solution, indicating its potential to survive in nutrient-poor soil and achieve rapid growth. On the contrary, the levels of all phenolic acids detected in the soil solution of Quercus robur and Sorbus torminalis were very low. These fingerprints should be extended to other compounds and also to older trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulators of post-transcriptional gene expression that reflect individual biological adaptations to environmental exposures. Measuring circulating miRNAs offers a way to evaluate biological changes from behavioural interventions, such as exercise and sports, which relate to adaptation, muscle damage and inflammation. Objectives: This review aims to summarize the current knowledge about circulating miRNAs associated with sports, endurance exercise, training and the identification of cardiovascular, as well as myocyte disorders in humans. It is primarily focused on the role of miRNAs in endurance and aerobic training and their regulation in response to cardiac hypertrophy, myocyte damage, fibrosis and inflammation. Material and methods: In this review, the existing literature on miRNA expression is examined in various exercise contexts, identifying key miRNAs involved in the adaptive response to exercise. Research included in the review primarily employed quasi-experimental designs, focusing on pre- and post-exercise miRNA expression changes in elite athletes and healthy individuals. Results: Key miRNAs, such as miR-1, miR-133, miR-21, miR-155, miR-206, miR-208 and miR-146, are highlighted for their significant roles in exercise adaptation. Two key future research directions are identified in the review: investigating the biological pathways linked to different exercise modalities and understanding miRNA expressions in various exercise contexts. Conclusions: Despite varied findings, the review allows to emphasize the need for future research to explore miRNA-gene interactions and the impact of different training types as well as durations, especially comparing athletes to healthy populations. This will help to better understand the relationship between miRNA expression and exercise performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]