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Background: The Japanese quail (Coturinx coturnix japonica) has a crucial role in the lives of humanity since the 12th century and continues to play main roles in our industry and scientific research. The advantages that the Japanese quail has, such as heavy egg production and high-quality meat with low cholesterol and fat contents, Moreover, the Japanese quail is easily managed, with high feeding conversion, low cost of investment, and high rate of returns. Salivary glands are a part of the lingual apparatus that secretes serios and mucous saliva. Whereas, the saliva secretions have different roles in the food variation, apprehension, and moisture of food bolus. The morphological and cytochemical analysis are done on 20 healthy Japanese quail embryos of 6th, 10th, 11th, and 13th days of incubation and 25 healthy quail chicks at hatching day old, 7th, 14th, 30th, and 60th days old. These samples are investigated histologically, histochemically, and scanned by electron microscopy serially. Our purpose of the study is to highlight the area of the oropharyngeal salivary glands and their role in food variation, as few studies spoke about that in Japanese quail. Results: The primordia of the sublingual and mandibular salivary glands were noticed at the 6th and 10th days of the prehatching respectively as an epithelial bud. After hatching, both primordia were elongated and differentiated into secretory units. These glands were mucous polystomatic tubulo-alveolar paired glands, which were situated in the submucosa of the oropharyngeal floor (sublingual floor and paralingual grooves). The sublingual glands consisted of 3–5 lobes extended from the two Os ceratobranchial by their wide ends caudally, to beyond the median sulcus of the prefrenular part of the sublingual space rostrally. The taste buds were variable in size and position. The mandibular glands lay on the paralingual groove, which arose at the 10-day old embryo. The mandibular glands were located dorsomedial to the sublingual glands and extended longitudinally from the rostral border of the frenulum linguae to the caudal tips of the sublingual glands. The taste buds decreased in volume and number with advancing age. Conclusion: Overall, salivary glands increase in their alcianophilic activity of the secretions with advancing age, which indicates low PH within the secretory end pieces. Highlights: • The oropharyngeal floor contains both the sublingual and mandibular salivary glands. • The sublingual and mandibular salivary glands were compound tubuloalveolar paired glands. • The sublingual salivary glands consist of non-branched 3–5 elongated lobes with common excretory duct. • The primordia of the sublingual salivary gland developed at 6 days old embryo as an epithelial bud. • The primordia of the mandibular salivary gland developed at 10 days old embryo. • Both glands' mucous secretion developmentally became with strong alcinophilic (acidic) contents. • The surface taste buds decreased in volume and number with age advancing. • Taste buds differed in size and position with taste pores from 8.2 to 12 μm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective Methods Results Conclusion Severe asthma is a heterogeneous disease with subtype classification according to dominant airway infiltrates, including eosinophilic (Type 2 high), or non‐eosinophilic asthma. Non‐eosinophilic asthma is further divided into paucigranulocytic or neutrophilic asthma characterized by elevated neutrophils, and mixed Type 1 and Type 17 cytokines in the airways. Severe non‐eosinophilic asthma has few effective treatments and many patients do not qualify for biologic therapies. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is dysregulated in multiple respiratory diseases including cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and has proven a valuable therapeutic target. We hypothesized that the CFTR may also play a role in non‐eosinophilic asthma.Patient‐derived human bronchial epithelial cells (hBECs) were isolated and differentiated at the air‐liquid interface. Single cell RNA‐sequencing (scRNAseq) was used to identify epithelial cell subtypes and transcriptional activity. Ion transport was investigated with Ussing chambers and immunofluorescent quantification of ionocyte abundance in human airway epithelial cells and murine models of asthma.We identified that hBECs from patients with non‐eosinophilic asthma had reduced CFTR function, and did not differentiate into CFTR‐expressing ionocytes compared to those from eosinophilic asthma or healthy donors. Similarly, ionocytes were also diminished in the airways of a murine model of neutrophilic‐dominant but not eosinophilic asthma. Treatment of hBECs from healthy donors with a neutrophilic asthma‐like inflammatory cytokine mixture led to a reduction in ionocytes.Inflammation‐induced loss of CFTR‐expressing ionocytes in airway cells from non‐eosinophilic asthma may represent a key feature of disease pathogenesis and a novel drug target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The Japanese quail (Coturinx coturnix japonica) has a crucial role in the lives of humanity since the 12th century and continues to play main roles in our industry and scientific research. The advantages that the Japanese quail has, such as heavy egg production and high-quality meat with low cholesterol and fat contents, Moreover, the Japanese quail is easily managed, with high feeding conversion, low cost of investment, and high rate of returns. Salivary glands are a part of the lingual apparatus that secretes serios and mucous saliva. Whereas, the saliva secretions have different roles in the food variation, apprehension, and moisture of food bolus. The morphological and cytochemical analysis are done on 20 healthy Japanese quail embryos of 6th, 10th, 11th, and 13th days of incubation and 25 healthy quail chicks at hatching day old, 7th, 14th, 30th, and 60th days old. These samples are investigated histologically, histochemically, and scanned by electron microscopy serially. Our purpose of the study is to highlight the area of the oropharyngeal salivary glands and their role in food variation, as few studies spoke about that in Japanese quail. Results The primordia of the sublingual and mandibular salivary glands were noticed at the 6th and 10th days of the prehatching respectively as an epithelial bud. After hatching, both primordia were elongated and differentiated into secretory units. These glands were mucous polystomatic tubulo-alveolar paired glands, which were situated in the submucosa of the oropharyngeal floor (sublingual floor and paralingual grooves). The sublingual glands consisted of 3–5 lobes extended from the two Os ceratobranchial by their wide ends caudally, to beyond the median sulcus of the prefrenular part of the sublingual space rostrally. The taste buds were variable in size and position. The mandibular glands lay on the paralingual groove, which arose at the 10-day old embryo. The mandibular glands were located dorsomedial to the sublingual glands and extended longitudinally from the rostral border of the frenulum linguae to the caudal tips of the sublingual glands. The taste buds decreased in volume and number with advancing age. Conclusion Overall, salivary glands increase in their alcianophilic activity of the secretions with advancing age, which indicates low PH within the secretory end pieces.

Amphibians, with their unique physiology and habitat requirements, are especially vulnerable to changes in environmental temperatures. While the activation of the physiological stress response can help to mitigate the impact of such habitat alteration, chronic production of elevated glucocorticoid levels can be deleterious in nature. There is no empirical evidence indicating the physiological response of African amphibians to temperature changes, where individuals are unable to emigrate away from potential stressors. To rectify this, we used the edible bullfrog (Pyxicephalus edulis) as a model species to determine the effect of elevated temperature on the adrenocortical response of the species using a recently established matrix. While a control group was kept at a constant temperature (25 °C) throughout the study period, an experimental group was exposed to control (25 °C) and elevated temperatures (30 °C). Mucous swabs were collected throughout the study period to determine dermal glucocorticoid (dGC) concentrations, as a proxy for physiological stress. In addition to this, individual body mass measurements were collected. The results showed that individuals within the experimental group who experienced increased temperatures had significantly elevated dGC levels compared to the control animals. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the percentage mass change between experimental and control animals. These findings indicate the physiological sensitivity of the edible bullfrog to a thermal stressor in captivity. While this study shows the importance of proper amphibian management within the captive environment, it also highlights the coming danger of global climate change to this and similar amphibian species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphibians, with their unique physiology and habitat requirements, are especially vulnerable to changes in environmental temperatures. While the activation of the physiological stress response can help to mitigate the impact of such habitat alteration, chronic production of elevated glucocorticoid levels can be deleterious in nature. There is no empirical evidence indicating the physiological response of African amphibians to temperature changes, where individuals are unable to emigrate away from potential stressors. To rectify this, we used the edible bullfrog (Pyxicephalus edulis) as a model species to determine the effect of elevated temperature on the adrenocortical response of the species using a recently established matrix. While a control group was kept at a constant temperature (25 °C) throughout the study period, an experimental group was exposed to control (25 °C) and elevated temperatures (30 °C). Mucous swabs were collected throughout the study period to determine dermal glucocorticoid (dGC) concentrations, as a proxy for physiological stress. In addition to this, individual body mass measurements were collected. The results showed that individuals within the experimental group who experienced increased temperatures had significantly elevated dGC levels compared to the control animals. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the percentage mass change between experimental and control animals . These findings indicate the physiological sensitivity of the edible bullfrog to a thermal stressor in captivity. While this study shows the importance of proper amphibian management within the captive environment, it also highlights the coming danger of global climate change to this and similar amphibian species.

• 1.Fluorescence-guided biopsy had higher sensitivity (60.3 %) than white light bronchoscopy (45.2 %) for diagnosing lung cancer in patients with bronchial mucosal lesions. • 2.The specificity of fluorescence-guided biopsy was significantly higher (100 %) compared to white light bronchoscopy (69.6 %), indicating greater accuracy in ruling out lung cancer. • 3.The positive predictive value of fluorescence-guided biopsy was higher (100 %) than white light bronchoscopy (74.3 %), suggesting more reliable identification of lung cancer. • 4.Fluorescence-guided biopsy had a higher negative predictive value (56.3 %) compared to white light bronchoscopy (39.4 %), indicating better ability to rule out lung cancer. Bronchoscopy is currently the most common technique for lung cancer diagnosis. Patients suspected of malignancy often undergo bronchoscopic examination, and biopsy is routinely used in patients with visible bronchial lesions. However, it is difficult to differentially diagnose lung cancer in patients with bronchial mucosal lesions. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the utility of fluorescence-guided biopsy in suspected lung cancer patients with bronchial mucosal lesions. We conducted a retrospective study in a single screening center to assess the sensitivity and specificity of fluorescence-guided biopsy compared with white light bronchoscopy (WLB) in patients with bronchial mucosal lesions. A total of 301 patients with bronchial mucosal lesions were enrolled in this study. The sensitivity for patients with fluorescence-guided biopsy was 60.3 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 53.1 %–67.1 %), which was higher than that of patients with WLB alone (45.2 %, 95 % CI: 38.2–52.4 %) (P = 0.0026). Additionally, compared with the WLB group, the fluorescence -guided biopsy group was found to have a significantly higher specificity (100 %, 95 % CI: 95.5–100 % versus 69.6 %, 95 % CI: 59.6–78.1 %), positive predictive value (100 %, 95 % CI: 96.1–100 % versus 74.3 %, 95 % CI: 65.5–81.7 %) and negative predictive value (56.3 %, 95 % CI: 48.8–63.6 % versus 39.4 %, 95 % CI: 32.3–47.0 %). Fluorescence-guided biopsy can serve as an important adjunct to WLB for the differential diagnosis of lung cancer in patients with bronchial mucosal lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri (Krefft 1870), is the sole extant member of the Ceratodontidae within the Dipnoi, a small order of sarcopterygian (lobe-finned) fishes, that is thought to be the earliest branching species of extant lungfishes, having changed little over the last 100 million years. To extend studies on anatomical adaptations associated with the fish-tetrapod transition, the ultrastructure of the cornea and iris is investigated using light and electron (transmission and scanning) microscopy to investigate structure-function relationships and compare these to other vertebrate corneas (other fishes and tetrapods). In contrast to previous studies, the cornea is found to have only three main components, comprising an epithelium with its basement membrane, a stroma with a Bowman's layer and an endothelium, and is not split into a dermal (secondary) spectacle and a scleral cornea. The epithelial cells are large, relatively low in density and similar to many species of non-aquatic tetrapods and uniquely possess numerous surface canals that contain and release mucous granules onto the corneal surface to avoid desiccation. A Bowman's layer is present and, in association with extensive branching and anastomosing of the collagen fibrils, may be an adaptation for the inhibition of swelling and/or splitting of the stroma during its amphibious lifestyle. The dorsal region of the stroma possesses aggregations of pigment granules that act as a yellow, short wavelength-absorbing filter during bright light conditions. Desçemet's membrane is absent and replaced by an incomplete basement membrane overlying a monocellular endothelium. The iris is pigmented, well-developed, vascularised and contractile containing reflective crystals anteriorly. Based upon its ultrastructure and functional adaptations, the cornea of N. forsteri is more similar to amphibians than to other bony fishes and is well-adapted for an amphibious lifestyle., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Morphology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)