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The current research was conducted to synthesize Parietaria alsinifolia-mediated iron oxide nanoparticles (P.A@FeONPs) using the green and eco-friendly protocol. The biosynthesized P.A@FeONPs were characterized using various approaches like UVs, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and DLS. The mean crystallite size was calculated to be ~ 21.48 nm using the Debye-Scherrer equation. Further, various in vitro biological assays were performed to analyze the therapeutic potentials of FeONPs. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) antioxidant activity was performed to reveal the DPPH radical scavenging potential of P.A@FeONPs and was calculated as 72%. Similarly, the total reducing power was determined as 65.45 ± 1.77%. In addition, P.A@FeONPs exhibited a significant total antioxidant capacity of 87 ± 4.8%. Antibacterial and antifungal assays were performed using the disc diffusion method. Among the different bacterial strains accession (EFB-10-2023 M.B), Rhodococcus jostii has shown the highest zone of inhibition (23.9 mm at 1000 μg/mL), while Escherichia coli displayed a 22.65 mm zone of inhibition at (1000 μg/mL). Similarly, Aspergillus niger exhibited a substantial zone of inhibition (28.75 mm). A brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay revealed the cytotoxicity potential (LC 50 244.92 μg/mL). P.A@FeONPs were also tested against red blood cells, HEK-293, and VERO cell lines (< 200 μg/mL) to validate their biocompatibility. An alpha-amylase inhibition assay demonstrated 68.66% inhibition and substantial cytotoxicity against Hep-2 liver cancer cells (IC 50 100 μg/mL). In conclusion, P.A@FeONPs have shown significant bioactivities. In the future, we recommend other biological and catalytic activities using different animal models to explore its potential further., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate: This study does not include human or animal subjects. Consent for Publication: Not applicable. Statement on Guidelines: All experimental studies and experimental materials involved in this research are in full compliance with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

The accurate detection of dehydration processes in hydrated drugs can reveal various intermolecular vibration modes mediated by hydrogen bonds between water molecules and other components, which underpin the further development of pharmaceutical science, food safety and biophysics. Herein, terahertz (THz) technology is utilized to investigate the dehydration state of d(+)-Raffinose pentahydrate (Rf·5H 2 O), in conjunction with imaging-based point by point scanning data acquisition and barcodes methods, to establish an innovative platform integrated identification, trace detection, and application capabilities. Our study demonstrates that the dehydration process of Rf·5H 2 O can be dynamically monitored through the evolution of its THz absorption peaks, offering more precise results compared to XRD and Raman spectroscopies. Moreover, the absorbance spectra data collected at each individual pixel is utilized to build visualized THz images, achieving an ultralow minimum content required for detection of 0.032 μg/(50 μm) 2 . Additionally, we introduce a THz spectra-barcode conversion system that not only ensures efficient electronic recordkeeping but also enhances user readability, thereby facilitating the practical applications of THz technology., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)