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This study suggests a strategy for calculating the fuzzy analytical solutions to a two-dimensional fuzzy fractional-order heat problem including a diffusion variable connected externally. We propose Sawi residual power series scheme (SRPSS) which is the amalgamation of Sawi transform and residual power series scheme under the Caputo fractional differential operator. We demonstrate three different examples to derive the fuzzy fractional series solution which is characterized by its rapid convergence and easy finding of the unknown coefficients using the concept of limit at infinity. The most significant aspect of this scheme is that it derives the results without time effort compared with the traditional residual power series approach. Our findings confirm that the SRPSS is a robust and valuable method for approximating the solution of fuzzy fractional problems. Furthermore, we provide 2D and 3D symbolic representations to present the physical behavior of fuzzy fractional problems under the lower and upper bounded solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a refined approach for obtaining the analytical solution of the nonlinear shock wave model incorporating fractal derivatives. The Fractal Yang Variational Iteration Strategy (FYVIS) is utilized to obtain the approximate solution of a fractal model in the form of a series under Caputo fractional operator. The suggested method is the composition of the fractal Yang transform and the variational iteration approach. By using the two-scale fractal theory, we transform the fractal model into its traditional problem and then apply the yang transform to generate a recurrence relation. The variational iteration approach is now suitable to handle this recurrence relation without imposing any hypotheses or restrictions on variables. The derived results by the proposed scheme are shown in terms of series solution. Numerical calculations verify the accuracy and consistency of the suggested approach, demonstrating its excellent performance. The dynamic behavior of fractal components is explored by evaluating absolute errors and presenting two-dimensional diagrams across the fractal domain. This investigation underscores that the suggested technique offers an efficient and user-friendly solution for solving the nonlinear shock wave model involving fractal derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the heat transfer characteristics of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) with Williamson hybrid nanofluid (HNF), considering the influence of bioconvection as well as a chemical reaction on a stretched surface. We observe no investigation on bioconvection Williamson HNFs flow in the literature, which is a novel contribution to the literature. The recent study seeks to enhance the heat transfer rate by investigating inclined magnetic field, along with the interplay of bioconvection and chemical reactions. The employed hybrid nanoparticles consist of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and copper (Cu) suspended in base fluid (water). The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are changed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) through an appropriate similarity transformation. These ODEs are subsequently analyzed employing the MATLAB bvp4c approach numerically. This study presents comprehensive insights into the behavior of distinct parameters, conveyed through phase portraits of temperature, velocity, nanoparticle concentration, as well as microorganism density profiles. The results showed that the momentum profile was inversely affected by increasing Williamson parameter, magnetic force, and inclination angle, while the temperature was boosted with advanced magnetic field, radiation parameter as well as Brownian motion parameter values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents the analytical study of one dimensional time-fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equation arising in quantum mechanics. In present research, we establish an idea of the Sumudu transform residual power series method (ST-RPSM) to generate the numerical solution of nonlinear Schrödinger models with the fractional derivatives. The proposed idea is the composition of Sumudu transform (ST) and the residual power series method (RPSM). The fractional derivatives are taken in Caputo sense. The proposed technique is unique since it requires no assumptions or variable constraints. The ST-RPSM obtains its results through a series of successive iterations, and the resulting form rapidly converges to the exact solution. The results obtained via ST-RPSM show that this scheme is authentic, effective, and simple for nonlinear fractional models. Some graphical structures are displayed at different levels of fractional orders using Mathematica Software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides an innovative and attractive analytical strategy to examine the numerical solution for the time-fractional Schrödinger equation (SE) in the sense of Caputo fractional operator. In this research, we present the Elzaki transform residual power series method (ET-RPSM), which combines the Elzaki transform (ET) with the residual power series method (RPSM). This strategy has the advantage of requiring only the premise of limiting at zero for determining the coefficients of the series, and it uses symbolic computation software to perform the least number of calculations. The results obtained through the considered method are in the form of a series solution and converge rapidly. These outcomes closely match the precise results and are discussed through graphical structures to express the physical representation of the considered equation. The results showed that the suggested strategy is a straightforward, suitable, and practical tool for solving and comprehending a wide range of nonlinear physical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have created cryptography algorithms that encrypt data using a public or private key to secure it from intruders. It is insufficient to protect the data by using such a key. No research article has identified an algorithm capable of protecting both the data and the associated key, nor has any mechanism been developed to determine whether access to the data is permissible or impermissible based on the authentication of the key. This paper presents a WEDEx-Kerberotic Framework for data protection, in which a user-defined key is firstly converted to a cipher key using the "Secure Words on Joining Key (SWJK)" algorithm. Subsequently, a WEDEx-Kerberotic encryption mechanism is created to protect the data by encrypting it with the cipher key. The first reason for making the WEDEx-Kerberotic Framework is to convert the user-defined key into a key that has nothing to do with the original key, and the length of the cipher key is much shorter than the original key. The second reason is that each ciphertext and key value are interlinked. When an intruder utilizes the snatching mechanism to obtain data, the attacker obtains data or a key unrelated to the original data. No matter how efficient the algorithm is, an attacker cannot access the data when these methods and algorithms are used to protect it. Finally, the proposed algorithm is compared to the previous approaches to determine the uniqueness of the algorithm and assess its superiority to the previous algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine multiple perspectives on soliton solutions to the (3+1)-dimensional Boussinesq model by applying the unified Riccati equation expansion (UREE) approach. The Boussinesq model examines wave propagation in shallow water, which is derived from the fluid dynamics of a dynamical system. The UREE approach allows us to derive a range of distinct solutions, such as single, periodic, dark, and rational wave solutions. Furthermore, we present the bifurcation, chaotic, and sensitivity analysis of the proposed model. We use planar dynamical system theory to analyze the structure and characteristics of the system’s phase portraits. The current study depends on a dynamic structure that has novel and unexplored results for this model. In addition, we display the behaviors of associated physical models in 3-dimensional, density, and 2-dimensional graphical structures. Our findings demonstrate that the UREE technique is a valuable mathematical tool in engineering and applied mathematics for studying wave propagation in nonlinear evolution equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In mathematical chemistry, the algebraic polynomial serves as essential for calculating the most accurate expressions of distance-based, degree-distance-based, and degree-based topological indices. The chemical reactivity of molecules, which includes their tendency to engage in particular chemical processes or go through particular reactions, can be predicted using topological indices. Considerable effort has been put into examining the many topological descriptors of simple graphs using ring structures and well-known groups instead of nonassociative algebras, quasigroups, and loops. Both finite quasigroups and loops are the generalizations of groups. In this article, we calculate topological descriptors and some well-known polynomials, M -polynomial, Hosoya's polynomial, Schultz's polynomial, and modified Schultz polynomial of finite relatively prime graphs of most orders connected with two classes of quasigroups and go through their graphical aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to investigate the analytical solution of a two-dimensional fuzzy fractional-ordered heat equation that includes an external diffusion source factor. We develop the Sawi homotopy perturbation transform scheme (SHPTS) by merging the Sawi transform and the homotopy perturbation scheme. The fractional derivatives are examined in Caputo sense. The novelty and innovation of this study originate from the fact that this technique has never been tested for two-dimensional fuzzy fractional ordered heat problems. We presented two distinguished examples to validate our scheme, and the solutions are in fuzzy form. We also exhibit contour and surface plots for the lower and upper bound solutions of two-dimensional fuzzy fractional-ordered heat problems. The results show that this approach works quite well for resolving fuzzy fractional situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In physical domains, Beta derivatives are necessary to comprehend wave propagation across various nonlinear models. In this research work, the modified Sardar sub-equation approach is employed to find the soliton solutions of (1+1)-dimensional time-fractional coupled nonlinear Schrödinger model with Beta fractional derivative. These models are fundamental in real-world applications such as control systems, processing of signals, and fiber optic networks. By using this strategy, we are able to obtain various unique optical solutions, including combo, dark, bright, periodic, singular, and rational wave solutions. In addition, We address the sensitivity analysis of the proposed model to investigate the truth that it is extremely sensitive. These studies are novel and have not been performed before in relation to the nonlinear dynamic features of these solutions. We show these behaviors in 2-D, contour 3-D structures across the associated physical characteristics. Our results demonstrate that the proposed approach offers useful results for producing solutions of nonlinear fractional models in application of mathematics and wave propagation in fiber optics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road-object detection, recognition, and tracking are vital tasks that must be performed reliably and accurately by self-driving car systems in order to achieve the automation/autonomy goal. Other vehicles are one of the main objects that the egocar must accurately detect and track on the road. However, deep-learning approaches proved their effectiveness at the expense of very demanding computational power and low throughput. They must be deployed on expensive CPUs and GPUs. Thus, in this work, a lightweight vehicle detection and tracking technique (LWVDT) is suggested to fit low-cost CPUs without sacrificing robustness, speed, or comprehension. The LWVDT is suitable for deployment in both advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS) functions and autonomous-car subsystems. The implementation is a sequence of computer-vision techniques fused together and merged with machine-learning procedures to strengthen each other and streamline execution. The algorithm details and their execution are revealed in detail. The LWVDT processes raw RGB camera pictures to generate vehicle boundary boxes and tracks them from frame to frame. The performance of the proposed pipeline is assessed using real road camera images and video recordings under different circumstances and lighting/shading conditions. Moreover, it is also tested against the well-known KITTI database, achieving an average accuracy of 87%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software vulnerabilities pose a significant threat to system security, necessitating effective automatic detection methods. Current techniques face challenges such as dependency issues, language bias, and coarse detection granularity. This study presents a novel deep learning-based vulnerability detection system for Java code. Leveraging hybrid feature extraction through graph and sequence-based techniques enhances semantic and syntactic understanding. The system utilizes control flow graphs (CFG), abstract syntax trees (AST), program dependencies (PD), and greedy longest-match first vectorization for graph representation. A hybrid neural network (GCN-RFEMLP) and the pre-trained CodeBERT model extract features, feeding them into a quantum convolutional neural network with self-attentive pooling. The system addresses issues like long-term information dependency and coarse detection granularity, employing intermediate code representation and inter-procedural slice code. To mitigate language bias, a benchmark software assurance reference dataset is employed. Evaluations demonstrate the system's superiority, achieving 99.2% accuracy in detecting vulnerabilities, outperforming benchmark methods. The proposed approach comprehensively addresses vulnerabilities, including improper input validation, missing authorizations, buffer overflow, cross-site scripting, and SQL injection attacks listed by common weakness enumeration (CWE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Helmholtz equation plays a crucial role in the study of wave propagation, underwater acoustics, and the behavior of waves in the ocean environment. The Helmholtz equation is also used to describe propagation through ocean waves, such as sound waves or electromagnetic waves. This paper presents the Elzaki transform residual power series method (E T-RPSM) for the analytical treatment of fractional-order Helmholtz equation. To develop this scheme, we combine Elzaki transform (E T) with residual power series method (RPSM). The fractional derivatives are described in Caputo sense. The E T is capable of handling the fractional order and turning the problem into a recurrence form, which is the novelty of our paper. We implement RPSM in such a way that this recurrence relation generates the results in the form of an iterative series. Two numerical applications are considered to demonstrate the efficiency and authenticity of this scheme. The obtained series are determined very quickly and converge to the exact solution only after a few iterations. Graphical plots and absolute error are shown to observe the authenticity of this suggested approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-free electrocatalysts for Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are highly desirable alternatives to expensive metal electrocatalysts. Herein, two metal-free heteroatom doped electro catalysts PCF-800 (carbon doped with fluorine) and PCFN-800 (carbon co-doped with nitrogen and fluorine) have been derived from the pyrolysis of ZnTFBDC and ZnTFBDC(1,10phen) accordingly. Both showed stunning performance for HER and OER in comparison with commercially available multiwall Nano carbon tubes. The graphitic and pyridinic carbon sites are generated in PCF-800 and PCFN-800 during the thermal polymerization process. These catalytic sites are responsible for excellent activity in terms of overpotential and Tafel slopes for HER process. Synthesized catalysts showed HER activities that are comparable to commercially available 20%Pt/C. PCFN-800 showed stability for about 30 h with a little decrease in current. Moreover, the mechanistic approach for HER and OER theoretical work was done and it has been found that the ΔG *H value for PCFN-800 is 0.51 eV that is less than 0.71 eV for N-doped carbon material for HER process. [Display omitted] • Fluorine and Nitrogen doped nanostructured hierarchical carbon is derived from Zn polymer. • High surface area with a wide range of porosity and catalytic active sites are found in derived carbon. • N and F co-doping of carbon produced excellent HER/OER catalytic activity. • Good Stability of electrode is found in alkaline media. • Mechanistic studies by DFT validate the contribution of F-coordination toward improved bifunctional catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are vital in modern material science, offering unique properties for gas storage, catalysis, and drug delivery due to their highly porous and customizable structures. Chemical graph theory emerges as a critical tool, providing a mathematical model to represent the molecular structure of these frameworks. Topological indices/molecular descriptors are mathematical formulations applied to molecular models, enabling the analysis of physicochemical properties and circumventing costly lab experiments. These descriptors are crucial for quantitative structure-property and structure-activity relationship studies in mathematical chemistry. In this paper, we study the different molecular descriptors of tetracyanobenzene metal–organic framework. We also give numerical comparison of computed molecular descriptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circinaria russus sp. nov. is described based on morpho–anatomical and phylogenetic analysis. The novel species is characterized by its reddish brown thallus, absence of marginal lobes, taller hymenium 175–190 µm, and larger ascospores 22–32 × 15–20 than the similar taxon Circinaria tortuosa. A phylogenetic analysis, based on ITS nrDNA sequencing and ML analysis, supported the separation of the novel species. Complete description and a comparative analysis with related Circinaria species are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan where 40% of total camel population is present. People in Balochistan mostly use camel for milking, meat, draught and irrigation purposes to meet their socio-economic needs. Though the camel is a resistant animal, it may get affected by parasitic infections leading to reduced performance. The knowledge regarding occurrence of hemoparasites in camels is still unrevealed, especially in Balochistan. To this end, 384 blood samples were collected from camels from five districts of Zhob division through simple random sampling method. Samples were subjected to microscopic examination which showed 7.55% and 7.03% prevalence of Babesia and Theileria spp., respectively. Furthermore, the 18S rRNA gene of these parasites was amplified through PCR which showed prevalence rate of 25% and 21.35% in case of Babesia and Theileria spp., respectively. Sequence analysis of amplicons confirmed these parasites as B. caballi and T. annulata, Phylogeny of these parasites showed that they were included in a separate clade. Among different factors, the prevalence of these parasites was higher in female animals (Babesia (B)=27.30%, Theileria (T)=23.75%) and the animals with >5 year of age (B=27.27%, T=22.52%). Furthermore, the prevalence was significantly higher (p<0.05) in pregnant camels as compared to lactating and dry animals. Results of this study provide a systematic epidemiological data on the occurrence of Babesia and Theileria spp. in camel population in Balochistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to develop ready-to-drink (RTD) beverage using the choongan (Caralluma tuberculata L.) extract and further to evaluate antioxidant potential and mineral estimation of the prepared RTD. The stem of Caralluma tuberculata was used to further isolate and purify the powder. Then, C. tuberculata powder was utilized in the formulation of beverages. All the treatments observed a decreasing trend for acidity, total soluble solids, total phenols, total antioxidant activity, total flavonoids, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and viscosity during storage whilst pH showed an increasing trend. It was observed that Caralluma RTD contained increasing trend of phytochemicals by increasing contents of the Caralluma extract. The same trend was also observed regarding all the mineral contents investigated in the present study. The treatment T4 (Caralluma RTD having 1.5 g C. tuberculata powder) showed the maximum values regarding phytochemicals as well as minerals. The microbial counts (log10 CFU/mL) for all the treatments increased during storage. Even though T4 showed promising results regarding phytochemicals and minerals, T1 showed the maximum sensory score even after 21 days of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the study, different control practices, such as host plant resistance, imidacloprid seed treatment combined with the use of blue sticky traps, neem seed kernel extract, the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and synthetic insecticides (acephate and chlorfenapyr), were tested individually and in various combinations for managing thrips (Megalurothrips distalis). A mungbean genotype, 13TM-04, known for its comparative resistance, was chosen for these trials. The treatments, whether applied alone or in various combinations, showed significant differences in efficacy when compared with each other. A combination of treatments viz., imidacloprid seed treatment+ installation of blue sticky traps and chlorfenapyr 360 SC @ 100ml/acre spray was observed to be the most successful against thrips and resulted in maximum yield 1970.1 kg/ha of mungbean. While imidacloprid seed treatment with blue sticky trap installation, alone, did not show distinctive impact on the thrips population as well as on the yield in mungbean. The imidacloprid seeds treatment remained effective up to 38 days after sowing against the thrips. The application of chlorfenapyr and acephate, either individually as sprays or in combination with other control measures, resulted in a notable reduction in the thrips population. For the management of M. distalis in mungbean combination of imidacloprid seed treatment, blue sticky traps installation and chlorfenapyr at 100 ml/acre should be applied. Current studies provide useful information to adopt integrated pest management of thrips at Bhakkar district for the local farmers for better crop yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, single-doped (cobalt (Co), neodymium (Nd)), and co-doped (Co/Nd) ZnO thin films were fabricated through the hydrothermal method on a silicon substrate (100) and investigated structural, morphological, and optical characteristics. In this work, tunable bandgap engineering of single-phase Co/Nd co-doped ZnO nanorods was reported to be controlled through variation of dopant concentrations. The concentration of neodymium varies as 4, 8, and 12 % by weight, while cobalt is fixed up to 4 %. XRD confirms the phase purity and high crystalline nature of the prepared nanorods. The physical structural parameters such as-fabricated nanorods were investigated in detail. Furthermore, Scherrer, Williamson-Hall (W–H), and size-strain plot (SSP) methods were used to investigate the crystallite size and lattice strain. The optical parameters like absorbance (A), transmittance (%T), energy bandgap (E g), skin depth (δ), optical density (D opt), optical conductivity (σ opt), Urbach energy (Eu), and extinction coefficient (k), were investigated by UV–vis spectra. This study shows that grown films are suitable for modern optoelectronic applications. • Development of Co/Nd co-doped ZnO thin film on silicon (100) substrate. • Nanorods grown on the surface of the substrate. • Significant effect of Co and Nd concentration on ZnO optical properties. • Redshift in energy bandgap occurs at 12 % Nd doping. • The grown films are suitable for optoelectronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Drought stress negatively affects wheat crop production worldwide. Selection of drought tolerant varieties and application of silicon (Si) can help to uplift the crop production. The present investigation was aimed to screen drought tolerant wheat varieties by evaluating the potential of Si fertilization.Study was conducted in two sets of experiments, in first (hydroponic) investigation two wheat varieties out of eleven were screened out based upon agronomic parameters, membrane stability, potassium (K+) distribution and tolerance index. The screened varieties were then subjected to different silicon fertilizers under water deficit pot conditions in second experiment and impact of Si sources was monitored via agronomic, physiological and biochemical attributes.Faisalabad-08 and Anaj-17 were best performing varieties in tested parameters. The silica fertilizer application improved the growth, physiological, biochemical and ionic attributes under water deficit and increased the grain yield of crop. Among tested sources, silicic acid proved best as compared to other silicates in terms of ameliorating the osmotic stress. The silicic acid application improved the root and shoot growth parameters i.e. increased plant height by 13% and grain yield by 43%, relative water contents (30%), membrane stability (46%), antioxidant activity (up to 64%), organic solutes production and silicification of cell wall by increasing Si uptake by 9 folds.It was observed that combined use of tolerant varieties and silica fertilizer as silicic acid can uplift plant growth and production under water deficit conditions. Further field investigations are recommended to check crop economics of applied treatments.Methods: Drought stress negatively affects wheat crop production worldwide. Selection of drought tolerant varieties and application of silicon (Si) can help to uplift the crop production. The present investigation was aimed to screen drought tolerant wheat varieties by evaluating the potential of Si fertilization.Study was conducted in two sets of experiments, in first (hydroponic) investigation two wheat varieties out of eleven were screened out based upon agronomic parameters, membrane stability, potassium (K+) distribution and tolerance index. The screened varieties were then subjected to different silicon fertilizers under water deficit pot conditions in second experiment and impact of Si sources was monitored via agronomic, physiological and biochemical attributes.Faisalabad-08 and Anaj-17 were best performing varieties in tested parameters. The silica fertilizer application improved the growth, physiological, biochemical and ionic attributes under water deficit and increased the grain yield of crop. Among tested sources, silicic acid proved best as compared to other silicates in terms of ameliorating the osmotic stress. The silicic acid application improved the root and shoot growth parameters i.e. increased plant height by 13% and grain yield by 43%, relative water contents (30%), membrane stability (46%), antioxidant activity (up to 64%), organic solutes production and silicification of cell wall by increasing Si uptake by 9 folds.It was observed that combined use of tolerant varieties and silica fertilizer as silicic acid can uplift plant growth and production under water deficit conditions. Further field investigations are recommended to check crop economics of applied treatments.Results: Drought stress negatively affects wheat crop production worldwide. Selection of drought tolerant varieties and application of silicon (Si) can help to uplift the crop production. The present investigation was aimed to screen drought tolerant wheat varieties by evaluating the potential of Si fertilization.Study was conducted in two sets of experiments, in first (hydroponic) investigation two wheat varieties out of eleven were screened out based upon agronomic parameters, membrane stability, potassium (K+) distribution and tolerance index. The screened varieties were then subjected to different silicon fertilizers under water deficit pot conditions in second experiment and impact of Si sources was monitored via agronomic, physiological and biochemical attributes.Faisalabad-08 and Anaj-17 were best performing varieties in tested parameters. The silica fertilizer application improved the growth, physiological, biochemical and ionic attributes under water deficit and increased the grain yield of crop. Among tested sources, silicic acid proved best as compared to other silicates in terms of ameliorating the osmotic stress. The silicic acid application improved the root and shoot growth parameters i.e. increased plant height by 13% and grain yield by 43%, relative water contents (30%), membrane stability (46%), antioxidant activity (up to 64%), organic solutes production and silicification of cell wall by increasing Si uptake by 9 folds.It was observed that combined use of tolerant varieties and silica fertilizer as silicic acid can uplift plant growth and production under water deficit conditions. Further field investigations are recommended to check crop economics of applied treatments.Conclusion: Drought stress negatively affects wheat crop production worldwide. Selection of drought tolerant varieties and application of silicon (Si) can help to uplift the crop production. The present investigation was aimed to screen drought tolerant wheat varieties by evaluating the potential of Si fertilization.Study was conducted in two sets of experiments, in first (hydroponic) investigation two wheat varieties out of eleven were screened out based upon agronomic parameters, membrane stability, potassium (K+) distribution and tolerance index. The screened varieties were then subjected to different silicon fertilizers under water deficit pot conditions in second experiment and impact of Si sources was monitored via agronomic, physiological and biochemical attributes.Faisalabad-08 and Anaj-17 were best performing varieties in tested parameters. The silica fertilizer application improved the growth, physiological, biochemical and ionic attributes under water deficit and increased the grain yield of crop. Among tested sources, silicic acid proved best as compared to other silicates in terms of ameliorating the osmotic stress. The silicic acid application improved the root and shoot growth parameters i.e. increased plant height by 13% and grain yield by 43%, relative water contents (30%), membrane stability (46%), antioxidant activity (up to 64%), organic solutes production and silicification of cell wall by increasing Si uptake by 9 folds.It was observed that combined use of tolerant varieties and silica fertilizer as silicic acid can uplift plant growth and production under water deficit conditions. Further field investigations are recommended to check crop economics of applied treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was executed to explore efficacy of ultrasound assisted extraction of dietary fiber from oat cultivar S2000. Extraction (variables time, temperature and amplitude) was optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM) conducted by Box Behnken Design (BBD). The effect of time, temperature and amplitude were studied at three levels. It was observed that time and temperature exerted more impact on extraction efficiency as compared to amplitude. The highest yield of total dietary fiber (TDF), soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and In-soluble dietary fiber (IDF) fractions were observed under ultrasound processing, for 20 min at 40 °C with 80% amplitude. Characterization of extracted dietary fiber showed that it had better crystallinity, thermal properties and good fibrous structure. It also showed better functional properties as compared to traditionally extracted dietary fiber. Furthermore, dietary fibers from oat may offer high-value utilization, and the expansion of comprehensive utilization in functional food and nutraceutical development. • Ultrasound, a novel and efficient technique for isolating dietary fiber from the oat. • Characterizing the functional properties; health benefits and applications. • Enhance the yield and quality of dietary fiber, through eco-friendly practices. • Development of functional foods enriched with oat cultivar S2000 dietary fiber. • Highlighting the significance of oat cultivar S2000 as a valuable source of dietary fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan has a significant occurrence of both consanguineous marriages and intimate partner violence (IPV), which may be interlinked. The practice of consanguineous marriages could potentially influence women to rationalize and accept instances of IPV. Such attitudes perpetuate a culture of violence against women, creating difficulties for victims to reject or escape from it. Pakistan has high prevalence rate of consanguineous marriages and IPV. However, no research has been done to explain the difference in acceptance of IPV between women in consanguineous and non-consanguineous marriages. This study used Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey data and applied association tests, logistic regression, and the Fairlie decomposition analysis. The Fairlie decomposition helps us identify the relative contribution of different socioeconomic factors in the inequalities in IPV between the two types of marriages. Five dimensions of wife-beating justification are used as outcome variables. Age, education, and empowerment of women, husband education, woman witness parental violence, region, place of residence, and household wealth status are used as independent variables. The logistic regression results indicated that women in consanguineous marriages of younger age and who witnessed parental violence are more likely to justify wife-beating than those who belong to wealthy households and enjoy more empowerment. Compared to the Punjab province, women residing in Sindh and Baluchistan are less likely and in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province are more likely to justify wife-beating. The Fairlie decomposition analysis shows that household wealth status, woman education, and empowerment are the main contributors in explaining the gap between the wife-beating justification of the two groups. The IPV gap can be reduced up to 77% if the distribution of women in different wealth quantiles of the consanguineous marriage group is identical to the non-consanguineous marriage group. Furthermore, woman education level is the second highest contributor. Consanguineous marriages are a prevalent cultural practice in Pakistan and are associated with several negative health and social outcomes. Addressing this issue requires a sustained and comprehensive effort by the government, civil society, and international partners, with a particular focus on women from poor households with less education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, a crop variety grown on the commercial scale and under different conditions becomes vulnerable to various kinds of issues involving both biotic and abiotic plant stresses, alone or in combinations. This demands their substitution with new and improved genotypes possessing higher productivity and inherent resistance/tolerance against yield-limiting stresses. In this context, this editorial reports the development of a new chickpea kabuli variety "Noor-2019". This cultivar has improved yield potential, dietary elements (proteins, fat, ash), and more importantly, resistance against fusarium wilt and ascochyta blight compared to the existing varieties. The evolution of this strain commenced in 2002-03 cropping season by crossing K-90399 as a female parent with K-52582 as a male parent. The female parent had high yield potential, whereas the male parent had wilt resistance and was developed through introgression breeding using ILWC-126, an accession of Cicer reticulatum. Henceforth, the genetic variability was created to select for high yield and wilt resistant recombinants in subsequent generations. Resultantly, a uniform and high yielding progeny line PCK-09012, later designated as "Noor-2019" was selected and evaluated for yield, agronomy, and insect pests. This cultivar revealed a potential yield of 2882 kg ha-1 in testing phase and outperformed standard checks by producing 78.2%, 13.1%, and 28.8% higher grain yield in station, adaptation and national uniform yield trials, respectively. The plants of Noor-2019 are 60-65cm tall, semi-erect, and medium in canopy spread. Its grains are light brown, ram-headed, medium in size with a 100-seed weight of 25 g. Adoption of this cultivar across different climatic regions of Punjab, and other provinces could contribute in attaining self-sufficiency in local chickpea production as well as plummeting import bill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, marine hydrocolloids have gained interest as a potential future food additive in baking and other food industries. Studies have shown the potential of marine hydrocolloids as functional ingredients to improve the bread quality. In this regard, the review summarizes the applications of marine hydrocolloids (carrageenan, agar, alginate) in improving bread's rheology and overall functionality. The review also provides an overview of marine hydrocolloids' physicochemical and functional characteristics, focusing on their usage as thickening agents, stabilizers, emulsifying agents, and viscosity modifiers. Additionally, the applications of marine hydrocolloids in improving the bread dough quality, texture, stability, and nutritional value are also discussed. Moreover, marine hydrocolloids' role in lowering the glucose digestion rate, resulting in a low glycemic index, has been described. Marine hydrocolloids can be a safe and healthy option for developing novel bakeries and other food products. Therefore, future research should be directed to characterize and explore the key applications and digestion mechanisms of marine hydrocolloids to meet the demand of the food sector for novel functional food products. [Display omitted] • Marine HCs have gained interest as a potential future food additive in baking. • Marine HCs significantly improved the bread's health benefits and overall functionality. • κ-Carrageenan improves the stability of dough and the overall characteristics of dough. • Marine HCs improve the glucose release in the blood resulting in a low glycemic index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with excessive fibrinolysis (XFL) as an unusual presenting manifestation of metastatic prostate cancer (PC), which was successfully treated with chemotherapy with Docetaxel which not only controlled the disease but also reversed the patient's coagulopathy within seven days effectively. Thus highlighting rare and life-threatening haemorrhagic complications of prostate cancer along with its satisfactory management option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of the Mentzer index as a screening tool for iron deficiency anaemia, using an iron profile as the gold standard in patients presenting with hypochromic microcytic anaemia. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pediatrics, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Dec 2021 to May 2022. Methodology: Data was collected from 163 patients with hypochromic microcytic anaemia. Red cell indices were noted for each patient and recorded on a defined proforma. Results: The mean age of the patients was 8.23±3.57 years. 85(52.1%) patients were males and 78(47.9%) were females. Moreover, out of 163 patients, the specificity, sensitivity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy of the Mentzer index for the diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia were 90.1%, 90.1%, 84.6%, 93.8%, and 90.8%, respectively. Conclusion: The cell-count-based indices, especially the Mentzer index, are reliable and available methods for diagnosing iron deficiency anaemia. They have an accurate discrimination ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of cross‐border information and production resources is facilitated by information globalization through the transfer of fresh ideas, products, technologies, and business models. This encourages information globalization's potential to achieve environmental and other technological advancements in the meantime and helps to make greener production possible through value‐added trade. Prior research, however, largely ignored this aspect of globalization in global value chains' studies. In order to anticipate carbon emissions (CO2) in BRICS economies, this novel study aims to assess the significance of participation in global value chains (GVCs) and information globalization (ING). The innovative research uses nonparametric causality‐in‐quantiles techniques on quarterly data from 1995Q1 to 2018Q4 to quantify for causality‐in‐variance and causality‐in‐mean because there might not be any causation at the first stage but there might be higher‐order interdependencies. The results show that GVC and ING had high predictive capability for carbon emissions, indicating asymmetry regarding environmental sustainability. Additionally, GVC and information globalization asserted that there is a significant interaction effect when it comes to forecasting pollution levels in chosen nations. The provision of financial and R&D assistance for energy efficiency and green production, as well as the use of mass and social media to raise awareness among the firms participating in global value chains, may assist in achieving SDG 13 and Cope26's goal of reducing pollution by 2030. The finding contributes crucial insights for policymakers and enhances the discourse on sustainable hones inside GVCs. The study proposes prioritizing information transparency, worldwide measures, and motivations for eco‐friendly advances to improve environmental sustainability in GVCs. Policymakers are encouraged to foster public–private associations for cohesive global endeavors in diminishing CO2 emanations inside GVCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many countries with wastewater irrigation and intensive use of fertilizers (minerals and organics), heavy metal deposition by crops is regarded as a major environmental concern. A study was conducted to determine the impact of mineral fertilizers, cow manure, poultry manure, leaf litter, and sugarcane bagasse on soil's trace Pb content and edible parts of vegetables. It also evaluated the risk of lead (Pb) contamination in water, soil, and food crops. Six vegetables (Daucus carota, Brassica oleracea, Pisum sativum, Solanum tuberosum, Raphanus sativus, and Spinacia oleracea) were grown in the field under twelve treatments with different nutrient and water inputs. The lead concentrations in soil, vegetables for all treatments and water samples ranged from 1.038–10.478, 0.09346–9.0639 mg/kg and 0.036–0.26448 mg/L, The concentration of lead in soil treated with wastewater in treatment (T6) and vegetable samples was significantly higher, exceeding the WHO's permitted limit. Mineral and organic fertilizers combined with wastewater treatment reduced lead (Pb) concentrations in vegetables compared to wastewater application without organic fertilizers. Health risk indexes for all treatments except wastewater treatment (T6) were less than one. Pb concentrations in mineral fertilizers, cow manure, poultry manure, leaf litter, and sugarcane bagasse treated were determined to pose no possible risk to consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review covers the significance of green banana resistant starch (RS), a substantial polysaccharide. The food industry has taken an interest in green banana flour due to its 30% availability of resistant starch and its approximately 70% starch content on a dry basis, making its use suitable for food formulations where starch serves as the base. A variety of processing techniques, such as heat‐moisture, autoclaving, microwaving, high hydrostatic pressure, extrusion, ultrasound, acid hydrolysis, and enzymatic debranching treatments, have made significant advancements in the preparation of resistant starch. These advancements aim to change the structure, techno‐functionality, and subsequently the physiological functions of the resistant starch. Green bananas make up the highest RS as compared to other foods and cereals. Many food processing industries and cuisines now have a positive awareness due to the functional characteristics of green bananas, such as their pasting, thermal, gelatinization, foaming, and textural characteristics. It is also found useful for controlling the rates of cancer, obesity, and diabetic disorders. Moreover, the use of GBRS as prebiotics and probiotics might be significantly proved good for gut health. This study aimed at the awareness of the composition, extraction and application of the green banana resistant starch in the future food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan's economy greatly benefits from citrus production since these fruits are sold and consumed all over the world. Although citrus fruits are easy to cultivate, they are susceptible to diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. These challenges, as well as difficulties in obtaining the proper nutrients, might negatively impact fruit yields and quality. Citrus canker is another complicated problem caused by the germ Xanthomonas axonopodis. This germ affects many types of citrus fruits all over the world. This study looked closely at how citrus canker affects the leaves and the quality of the fruit in places like Sargodha, Bhalwal, Kotmomin, and Silanwali, which are big areas for growing citrus in the Sargodha district. What we found was that plants without the disease had more chlorophyll in their leaves compared to the sick plants. Also, the healthy plants had better amounts of important minerals like calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus in their fruits. But the fruits with the disease had too much sodium, and the iron levels were a bit different. The fruits with the disease also didn't have as much of something that protects them called antioxidants, which made them more likely to get sick. This study helps us understand how citrus canker affects plants and fruit, so we can think of ways to deal with it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acidic soils of western Newfoundland require liming for successful production of most crops. Locally sourced paper mill waste wood ash (WA) and paper sludge (SL) have potential as cheaper alternatives to limestone (LIME). Two greenhouse experiments evaluated WA and SL as liming and soil conditioning amendments for annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) production. At 55 days after seeding, soil pH in WA (6.2 and 6.3) and wood ash and paper sludge (WASL) (6.0 and 6.3) were not different from that in LIME (6.0 and 6.5) for Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. However, pH in SL was 0.4 and 0.3 points lower than in LIME. Compared to LIME, WA, SL, and WASL produced 31%–52% and 57%–74% greater biomass yield in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. N uptake was greater in WA (60 and 129 kg N ha−1) and WASL (51 and 97 kg N ha−1) compared to LIME (40 and 85 kg N ha−1), in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. SL did not differ from LIME in Experiment 1, but reduced N uptake by 57% in Experiment 2. The results show significant potential of WA as an alternative amendment for liming and yield improvement of annual ryegrass grown in NL podzolic soils. However, SL has limited potential due to the risk of increasing N immobilization and residual soil mineral N when growing conditions are limiting. Combining SL with WA or biochar seemed to alleviate these risks. Overall, the adoption of these amendments for field production systems warrants serious consideration, following supplemental field studies to determine optimal application rates and timing. Core Ideas: The podzolic soils of Newfoundland have low pH and fertility, hence require liming.Locally sourced wastes, such as paper mill wood ash (WA) and sludge (SL), could be used as liming and nutrient sources.WA was equivalent to limestone (LIME) in improving and sustaining optimal soil pH.WA produced 52% and 74% greater annual ryegrass yield than conventional LIME application in podzolic soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study formulates a multi-objective, multi-item solid transportation issue with parameters that are neutrosophic Z-number fuzzy variables such as transportation costs, supplies, and demands. This work covers two scenarios where uncertainty in the problem can arise: the fuzzy solid transportation problem and the interval solid transportation problem. The first scenario arises when we represent data problems as intervals instead of exact values, while the second scenario arises when the information is not entirely clear. We address both models when the uncertainty alone impacts the constraint set. In order to find a solution for the interval case, we generate an additional problem. Since this auxiliary problem is typical of solid transportation, we can resolve it using the effective techniques currently in use. In the fuzzy scenario, a parametric method is used to discover a fuzzy solution to the earlier issue. Parametric analysis identifies that the best parameterized approaches to complementary problems are characterized by the application of parametric analysis. We present a suggested algorithm for determining the stability set. Finally, we provide a numerical example and sensitivity analysis for the transportation problem, which is both symmetrical and asymmetrical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rasmalai is a very popular, delicious, and nutritious indigenous sweet dish in Indo‐Pakistani civilization. It has a very short shelf life, i.e., up to 3 days. The study was designed to assess the effect of preservatives (potassium sorbate and calcium propionate) on the shelf stability of Rasmalai. Moreover, proximate composition and sensory evaluation of prepared Rasmalai were also carried out in the present study. In general, potassium sorbate and calcium propionate significantly increased the shelf life of Rasmalai. But treatment (R5) containing a combination of both potassium sorbate and calcium propionate (500 ppm each) improved its shelf life by up to 12 days by keeping good sensorial characteristics. The maximum total plate counts as well as yeast and molds were observed in control Rasmalai (without any preservatives) whereas minimum counts were found in R5 treatment containing a combination of both potassium sorbate and calcium propionate (500 ppm each). In conclusion, all the preservatives used in the present study were effective in enhancing the shelf life of Rasmalai but R5 treatment containing a combination of both potassium sorbate and calcium propionate (500 ppm each) was the most effective in enhancing shelf life without deleterious effect on sensorial characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Pakistan, the death rate for post-menopausal women with breast cancer is significant due to late detection and delayed referral to proper facilities. There are a few reports on Pakistan's epidemiology and breast cancer risk factors. There are modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with the development of breast carcinoma; of which body mass index (BMI), central obesity, and lipid profile are considered as major risk markers. Methods: This was a cross-sectional analytical study. A total of 384 women constituted the present study sample. Purposive sampling was used to collect 192 confirmed new breast cancer cases throughout the study. By using basic random sampling, an equal number of controls were chosen. Studied parameters included age, fasting blood sugar, cholesterol, triglyceride, serum high-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, weight, height, BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio. The inclusion criteria of this study were post-menopausal women (45–65 years) in Pakistan. The confirmation of breast carcinoma was done through histopathology. Breast cancer occurrence was taken as a dependent variable, whereas BMI, central obesity, and lipid profile were taken as independent variables. Results: Studied risk factors (cholesterol, BMI, and central obesity) significantly correlated with breast cancer. Cholesterol has a significantly high positive correlation (0.646) with breast cancer. BMI has a positive significant correlation (0.491) with breast cancer, and central obesity has a low but positive significant correlation (0.266) with breast cancer. Moreover, the binary logistic regression model also showed a significant association between biochemical factors and breast cancer occurrence. Regression analysis depicted a linear relationship between a dependent variable (breast cancer occurrence) and independent variables (central obesity, cholesterol, BMI). Conclusion: Postmenopausal overweight (central obesity), increased BMI and high cholesterol levels are major risk factors for breast cancer. Moreover, high total cholesterol proved to be the most significant risk marker for the occurrence of breast cancer in post-menopausal women of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focal point of this paper is to ascertain the precise value of edge irregularity strength of various finite, simple, undirected and captivating graphs, including the splitting graph, shadow graph, jewel graph, jellyfish graph and m copies of 4-pan graph. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The semiconductor/insulator blends for organic field-effect transistors are a potential solution to improve the charge transport in the active layer by inducing phase separation in the blends. However, the technique is less investigated for long-chain conducting polymers such as Poly[2,5-(2-octyldodecyl)-3,6-diketopyrrolopyrrole-alt-5,5-(2,5-di(thien-2-yl)thieno [3,2-b]thiophene)] (DPPDTT), and lateral phase separation is generally reported due to the instability during solvent evaporation, which results in degraded device performance. Herein, we report how to tailor the dominant mechanism of phase separation in such blends and the molecular assembly of the polymer. For DPPDTT/PMMA blends, we found that for higher DPPDTT concentrations (more than 75%) where the vertical phase separation mechanism is dominant, PMMA assisted in the self-assembly of DPPDTT to form nanowires and micro-transport channels on top of PMMA. The formation of nanowires yielded 13 times higher mobility as compared to pristine devices. For blend ratios with DPPDTT ≤ 50%, both the competing mechanisms, vertical and lateral phase separation, are taking place. It resulted in somewhat lower charge carrier mobilities. Hence, our results show that by systematic tuning of the blend ratio, PMMA can act as an excellent binding material in long-chain polymers such as DPPDTT and produce vertically stratified and aligned structures to ensure high mobility devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient electron transport and minimizing recombination losses are crucial for optimizing DSSC performance, necessitating strategies to improve electron diffusion and reduce charge recombination. Two new eco-friendly polyimides based on χ -type polyoxometalates namely Tris@ZnPOM, and Tris@NiPOM, one with the Zn-containing Anderson-type POM(ADP), and the other with the Ni-containing Anderson-type POM, respectively have been synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, UV–vis. spectral analysis, TGA,1H NMR, fluorescence and cyclic voltametric analysis. The fluorescence quenching in Tris@ZnPOM, and Tris@NiPOM was observed as98% and 99.7% as compared to Tris@anhydride, referring the photo-induced transfer of electrons between POM and Tris@anhydrides. The dielectric loss is found to be higher in Tris@anhydride as compared to the Tris@NiPOM, and Tris@ZnPOM. From the MEP analysis it has been seen that POM act as an electron with drawing subunit when conjugated with the anhydride. Different global reactivity parameters (μ, η and ω) were estimated from the frontier molecular orbitals (FMO) analysis, and the order of reactivity for Tris@anhydride, Tris@NiPOM, and Tris@ZnPOM is determined to be in accordance with their increasing band gap i.e., Tris@anhydride > Tris@NiPOM > Tris@ZnPOM. The increase in efficiency (η) of photovoltaics response for Tris@ZnPOM (2.35) is found to be higher as compared to Tris@NiPOM (1.25) and Tris@anhydride(0.62). The presence of Zn in ADP is responsible for increasing the efficiency of Tris@ZnPOM due to its low band gap that causes the easiest transfer of electron. [Display omitted] • Two new eco-friendly polyimides based on χ -type polyoxometalates have been synthesized and characterized. • The fluorescence quenching in Tris@ZnPOM, and Tris@NiPOM was observed as 98% and 99.7% as compared to Tris@anhydride. • The dielectric loss is found to be higher in Tris@anhydride as compared to the Tris@NiPOM, and Tris@ZnPOM. From the MEP analysis it has been seen that POMs act as an electron with drawing subunit when conjugated with the anhydride. • Different global reactivity parameters (μ, η and ω) were estimated from the frontier molecular orbitals(FMO) analysis. • The increase in efficiency (η) of photovoltaics response for Tris@ZnPOM is found to be higher as compared to Tris@NiPOM and Tris@Anhydride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, spray drying independent operating conditions such as the inlet air temperature (A-IAT 130, 150 and 170 °C), outlet air temperature (B-OAT 60, 70 and 80 °C), needle speed (C-NS 3S, 4S, 5S), maltodextrin concentration (D-MD 10, 15, 20 %), pump speed (E-PS 5, 10, 15 mL/min) and water/grape pomace ratio (F-W/GP ratio 10, 15, 20) were optimized to develop the spray-dried grape pomace powder (SDGPP) with maximum yield. The impact of these conditions on total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), and antioxidant activity (DPPH· values) of SDGPP samples were analyzed. The independent spray drying factors (IAT, OAT, NS, MD, PS, and W/GP ratio) impart a strong direct effect (p ≤ 0.05) on powder yield, TPC, TFC, and DPPH· values. The interaction effects (A × B, A × C, A × D, A × E, A × F, B × C, B × D, B × E, B × F, C × D, C × E, C × F, D × E, D × F, and E × F) of independent variables were noted non-significant (p ≥ 0.05) for response values. After validation of the model and verification of results, the independents' variables were found in the range of 170 °C (IAT), 80 °C (OAT), 4S (NS), 15 % (MD), 10 mL/min (PS) and 15 (W/GP ratio) for yield (64.7 ± 1.18 %), TPC (7.66 ± 0.53 mg GAE/g), TFC (3.19 ± 0.30 mg CE/g) and DPPH· 140.3 ± 1.59 (100 µL/mL), respectively. The decrease in TPC, TFC, and DPPH· values of SDGPP samples was noted during 60 days of storage at 25 ± 2 °C and 65 ± 5 % RH (p ≤ 0.05) but not greater than unprocessed samples. It could be concluded that the protection of phenolic contents and retention of antioxidant activity of dried powders can be achieved at optimized spray drying conditions for discerning food and byproduct processing industries. [Display omitted] • Spray drying of phenolics rich grape pomace is a promising method for encapsulation. • Interaction for spray drying independent factors was optimized for pomace powder. • The quality of raw and spray-dried grape pomace was evaluated during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the results of the development and testing of a methodology for selecting parameters of the characteristics of fast valving in a steam turbine for emergency power system management to maintain dynamic stability based on machine learning algorithms. Modern power systems have reduced inertia and increased stochasticity due to the active integration of renewable energy sources. As a result, there is an increased likelihood of incorrect operation in traditional emergency automation devices, developed on the principles of deterministic analysis of transient processes. To date, it is possible to increase the adaptability and accuracy of emergency power system management through the application of machine learning algorithms. In this work, fast valving in a steam turbine was chosen as the considered device of emergency automation. To form the data sample, the IEEE39 mathematical model was used, for which benchmark laws of change in the position of the cutoff valve during the fast valving of a steam turbine were selected. The considered machine learning algorithms for classifying the law of change in the position of the steam turbine's cutoff valve, k-nearest neighbors, support vector machine, decision tree, random forest, and extreme gradient boosting were used. The results show that the highest accuracy corresponds to extreme gradient boosting. For the selected eXtreme Gradient Boosting algorithm, the classification accuracy on the training set was 98.17%, and on the test set it was 97.14%. The work also proposes a methodology for forming synthetic data for the use of machine learning algorithms for emergency management of power systems and suggests directions for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New 2,6-bis(1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl)pyrrolo[3,4-f]isoindole-1,3,5,7(2H,6H)-tetraone (2Tris@PMDA) and its polymeric hybrids with Anderson polyoxometalates (DiTA@PMDA) and with Lindquist polyoxometalates (DiTL@PMDA) have been synthesized and thoroughly characterized. Using dr. Blade's approach, TiO2 based thin films of 2Tris@PMDA, DiTA@PMDA, and DiTL@PMDA have been designed to explore the adsorption study, optical activity, and photocurrent generation. The calculated electrical conductivity values for 2Tris@PMDA, DiTA@PMDA and DiTL@PMDA were 2.8 × 103 S/m−1.90 × 103 S/m, 2.7 × 103 S/m−1.7 × 103 S/m, and 2 × 103 S/m−1.65 ×103 S/m, respectively. Furthermore, computational analysis for 2Tris@PMDA, DiTA@PMDA, and DiTL@PMDA has been studied at B3LYP using 6-31 G (d, p) and LanL2DZ level of density functional theory. It indicates that the conjugation of 2Tris@PMDA with polyoxometalates makes them a suitable candidate for dye sensitized solar cell due to the charge transfer process in DiTA@PMDA and DiTL@PMDA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary concern of writing this article is to study the rheological properties of the micropolar non‐Newtonian nanofluid flowing through the porous medium along with magnetic field effects. In it, the outer boundary of the sheet is heated by applying an external heat source. The insertion of aluminum oxide nanoparticles in water turned it into a nanofluid. Together with the viscous dissipation phenomena, adding a magnetic field has another effect known as a Joule heating impact that is considered in the energy equation. To investigate the impact of viscosity and thermal conductivity on flow patterns, we considered the Koo‐Kleinstreuer‐Li model. A generalized Proudman‐Johnson equation is obtained by using similarity transformation on Navier‐Stokes equations. The well‐known classical shooting method is used to get the numerical solution to the said problem. Graphical results are portrayed for variant rheological parameters lke power law index, Reynolds number, volume fraction, Prandtl number, expansion ratio, and Hartmann number on the velocity and temperature of nanofluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective identification and usage of genetic variation are prerequisites for developing nutrientefficient cultivars. A collection of 94 safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) genotypes (G) was investigated for important morphological and photosynthetic traits at four nitrogen (N) treatments. We found significant variation for all the studied traits except chlorophyll b (chl b) among safflower genotypes, nitrogen treatments and G × N interaction. The examined traits showed a 2.82-50.00% increase in response to N application. Biological yield (BY) reflected a significantly positive correlation with fresh shoot weight (FSW), root length (RL), fresh root weight (FRW) and number of leaves (NOL), while a significantly positive correlation was also observed among carotenoids (C), chlorophyll a (chl a), chl b and total chlorophyll content (CT) under all treatments. Superior genotypes with respect to plant height (PH), FSW, NOL, RL, FRW and BY were clustered into Group 3, while genotypes with better mean performance regarding chl a, chl b C and CT were clustered into Group 2 as observed in principal component analysis. The identified eight best-performing genotypes could be useful to develop improved nitrogen efficient cultivars. Genome-wide association analysis resulted in 32 marker-trait associations (MTAs) under four treatments. Markers namely DArT-45481731, DArT-17812864, DArT-15670279 and DArT-45482737 were found consistent. Protein-protein interaction networks of loci associated with MTAs were related to fatty acid and branched-chain amino acid metabolism and histone modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is mentioned that understanding linear and non-linear thermo-elasticity systems is important for understanding temperature, elasticity, stresses, and thermal conductivity. One of the most crucial aspects of the current research is the solution to these systems. The fractional form of several thermo-elastic systems is explored, and elegant solutions are provided. The solutions of fractional and integer thermo-elastic systems are further discussed using tables and diagrams. The closed contact between the LRPSM and exact solutions is displayed in the graphs. Plotting fractional problem solutions demonstrates their convergence towards integer-order problem solutions for suitable modeling. The tables confirm that greater precision is rapidly attained as the terms of the derived series solution increase. The faster convergence and stability of the suggested method support its modification for other fractional non-linear complex systems in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we demonstrated a chondroitin sulfate (CHS), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulphonic acid (AMPS)-based captopril-loaded mucoadhesive hydrogel that efficiently facilitated the sustained release of drug molecules and is developed by radical polymerization technique. The designed hydrogel network is initially analyzed for the influence of different formulation ingredients as well as their quantities on swelling behavior and mucoadhesion capacity. The physical interaction along with biocompatibility of CHS/PVP-co-poly (AMPS) hydrogels is illustrated by utilizing FT-IR and histopathological analysis. Thermal stability, conversion of crystalline nature ingredient to amorphous nature hydrogel matrix, prolonged and sustained in vitro released behavior at 1.2 pH, porous surface morphology, and enhanced mucoadhesive characteristics are ensured by thermal analysis, XRD, drug in vitro released profile, SEM, and ex-vivo mucoadhesive analysis. Interestingly, the findings suggest that CHS/PVP-co-poly (AMPS)-based hydrogel systems are viable candidates for sustained delivery of captopril by enhancing its adherence with the gastric mucus layer and decreasing its dose frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With advances in the use of nanomaterials for heat transfer, various attributes have been recognized by researchers, paving the way for more dynamic and interdisciplinary applications. The assessment of heat and mass transfer facilitated by nanomaterials, especially in the context of sliding phenomena, plays a crucial role in manufacturing, industrial operations and the petroleum sector, among others. Driven by such considerations, the present study introduces bioconvective patterns into nanofluid flow, taking into account several sliding conditions. These multiple sliding conditions, related to speed, temperature, concentration and microorganisms, were examined to study the synergistic effects on heat and mass transfer. The flow examined is influenced by a porous stretchable surface, incorporating suction and injection mechanisms, while the fluid itself is electrically conductive. A firing method was designed to tackle the proposed model. The impact of various parameters is analyzed visually, revealing that the velocity profile is diminished by the velocity slip constant and the permeability of the porous medium. Furthermore, the interaction of multiple sliding effects distinctly enhances thermal processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terahertz backward wave oscillators based on double corrugated waveguides are enabling devices for modern satellite communication systems. This research focuses on the design of a 0.34 THz double corrugated waveguide-based interaction structure using a sheet beam. This choice allows the use of shorter pillars along with a narrow gap between pillar rows. Shorter pillars are easier to manufacture and a narrow gap is required for better interaction impedance. Circular beams restrict the use of larger pillars and narrow gap between pillars. The performance of this interaction structure is compared with a folded waveguide. Under the same operating conditions involving a 20 kV beam voltage and a 30 mA beam current, the double corrugated waveguide interaction structure exhibits impressive performance in simulations, featuring an interaction impedance of 0.52 Ω at 0.34 THz, an output power of 3.2 W, and a bandwidth extending to approximately 20 GHz. In contrast, the folded waveguide, as per simulation results, registers values of 0.43 Ω , 2.6 W, and a 12 GHz bandwidth, respectively. The proposed double corrugated waveguide-based interaction structure is fabricated using modern CNC machining. Experimental validation reinforces the effectiveness of this design, with measurements indicating reflection below −20 dB and transmission exceeding −2 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the dependency on feeding gastrostomy tubes in patients with head and neck cancers treated with radiotherapy alone or concurrent chemo-radiotherapy. Study Design: Retrospective longitudinal study. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi and Shaukat Khanum Hospital, Peshawar Pakistan, from Jan and Jul 2022. Methodology: A total of 115 patients with head and neck cancers having no baseline dysphagia and having gastrostomy tubes were included. All had received an equivalent of 60 greys in 30 fractions or more of radiotherapy. Their swallowing was evaluated weekly during radiotherapy and then every 4-6 weeks on post-treatment follow-up. The total time duration of patient dependency on feeding gastrostomy tube after treatment completion was noted for each head and neck cancer subsite. Results: Of a total of 115 patients, 49(43%) of the patients had nasopharyngeal cancers, 22(19%) had laryngeal, 29(24%) oral cavity, 7(6%) hypopharyngeal and 9(8%) had cervical esophageal cancers. Proportion retaining gastrostomy tube for more than six months of treatment was 8.7% (median duration of retention was five months) with hypopharyngeal, nasopharyngeal, oral cavity, and laryngeal cancer were 14%, 9%, 9% and 5%, respectively. Conclusion: The proportion of patients with head and neck cancers requiring more than six months of a gastrostomy tube is 5-14%. Baseline assessment of swallowing and nutrition and prophylactic feeding gastrostomy can avoid treatment interruptions. Longer duration of retention of a gastrostomy tube is associated with poor quality of life in head and neck cancer patients receiving radiation or concurrent chemo-radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Fabrication of MOF-derived Nd 2 O 3 @C and V 2 O 5 @C electrocatalysts. • V 2 O 5 @C exhibits low overpotential 282 mV and smaller Tafel slope of 60 mVdec-1@10 mAcm−2. • Chronoamperometric study revealed outstanding stability for 110 h. • Efficient and durable electrocatalyst for industrial-scale water electrolysis. Craving to search for renewable energy reservoirs for the development of green and robust electrocatalysts, now become essential for catalytic performance by using energy conversion devices. Herein, we fabricated a metal–organic framework (MOF) derived transition metal and rare earth metal oxides-based materials for water electrocatalysis. MOF is regarded as the potential hotspot to increase catalytic activity through fascinating chemical and structural traits. This study summarizes the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) of MOF-derived Nd 2 O 3 @C and V 2 O 5 @C by depositing them on stainless steel substrate (SS) in an alkaline medium. The grown electrocatalysts Nd 2 O 3 , V 2 O 5 , Nd-MOF, V-MOF, and MOF-derived Nd 2 O 3 @C and V 2 O 5 @C probed by various useful techniques to confirm oxidation states, phase-changing, structural, morphological, and compositional properties. The MOF-derived Nd 2 O 3 @C and V 2 O 5 @C formed irregular spherical shaped and nanorod-like morphology, respectively, which proved helpful for the easy transfer of electrons to enhance OER. The electrochemical study indicates that among all electrocatalysts, the V 2 O 5 @C electrode exhibits remarkable electrochemical results having low overpotential (282 mV), and smaller Tafel slope of 60 mVdec-1 at a current density of 10 mAcm−2, exhibiting that the transition metal based MOF has good efficiency as compared to the rare earth metal MOF. The grown catalysts enable additional reaction sites and open up new channels, besides it approaches quick electron transfer in V 2 O 5 @C through a carbon bridge. Thus, the porous skeleton of the resulting hybrid catalyst showed superior electrical conductivity, boosting electrochemical properties and making it an efficient and durable electrocatalyst for industrial-scale water electrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Soybean is one of the most cultivated crops globally and a staple food for much of the world's population. The annual global crop losses due to infection by Phytophthora sojae is currently estimated at $20B USD, yet we have limited understanding of the role of lipid mediators in the adaptative strategies used by the host plant to limit infection. Since root is the initial site of this infection, we examined the infection process in soybean root infected with Phytophthora sojae using scanning electron microscopy to observe the changes in root morphology and a multi-modal lipidomics approach to investigate how soybean cultivars remodel their lipid mediators to successfully limit infection by Phytophthora sojae. Results: The results reveal the presence of elevated biogenic crystals and more severe damaged cells in the root morphology of the infected susceptible cultivar compared to the infected tolerant cultivars. Furthermore, induced accumulation of stigmasterol was observed in the susceptible cultivar whereas, induced accumulation of phospholipids and glycerolipids occurred in tolerant cultivar. Conclusion: The altered lipidome reported in this study suggest diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid mediated lipid signalling impacting phytosterol anabolism appears to be a strategy used by tolerant soybean cultivars to successfully limit infection and colonization by Phytophthora sojae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]