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The authors of Lim et al. (2021) have found an error in the code that processed the data displayed in Fig. 2c in the article. The bar graph is supposed [...]

For some seventy years, rulings made by judges sitting at nisi prius were regularly reported, despite those reports being held in low esteem by the legal profession and such rulings being regarded as of little value as precedents. This article considers why those rulings, at least on matters of substantive law, were rejected as authorities, and sets out the reasons why they were nevertheless reported and cited. The article explains that the principal purposes of these reports were to introduce new members of the profession to the practicalities of preparing cases for trial, and to provide some authority, however slight, to cite in court. The article also explains that, while nisi prius rulings on substantive law were cited by nineteenth century judges, they were used differently to decisions of courts in banc. The greater authority of such rulings on points of evidence, at least up to the mid-nineteenth century, is also explored. The article concludes by examining the tendency of more recent judges to ascribe greater weight to nisi prius rulings than their nineteenth century counterparts, due to the modern profession's ignorance of the former difference in the treatment of nisi prius rulings and the decisions of courts in banc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal wetlands play a significant role in the storage of "blue carbon," indicating their importance in the carbon biogeochemistry in the coastal zone and in global climate change mitigation strategies. We present airborne eddy covariance observations of CO2 and CH4 fluxes collected in southern Florida as part of the NASA BlueFlux mission during April 2022, October 2022, February 2023, and April 2023. The flux data generated from this mission consists of over 100 flight hours and more than 6,000 km of horizontal distance over coastal saline and freshwater wetlands. We find that the spatial and temporal heterogeneity in CO2 and CH4 exchange is primarily influenced by season, vegetation type, ecosystem productivity, and soil inundation. The largest CO2 uptake fluxes of more than 20 μmol m−2 s−1 were observed over mangroves during all deployments and over swamp forests during flights in April. The greatest CH4 effluxes of more than 250 nmol m−2 s−1 were measured at the end of the wet season in October 2022 over freshwater marshes and swamp shrublands. Although the combined Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve region was a net sink for carbon, CH4 emissions reduced the ecosystem carbon uptake capacity (net CO2 exchange rates) by 11%–91%. Average total net carbon exchange rates during the flight periods were −4 to −0.2 g CO2‐eq m−2 d−1. Our results highlight the importance of preserving mangrove forests and point to potential avenues of further research for greenhouse gas mitigation strategies. Plain Language Summary: Coastal wetlands play a crucial role in trapping and storing carbon, aiding in climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts. Carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake and methane (CH4) emissions were measured from an aircraft over wetlands of southern Florida during different times of the year. Season, vegetation, ecosystem productivity, and water depth were found to have a large influence on carbon exchange. Mangroves with the largest canopy heights showed the highest CO2 uptake, whereas CH4 emissions peaked during the wet season over freshwater marshes where surface water depths were the greatest. CH4 emissions diminished the overall carbon uptake capacity of southern Florida. Results emphasize the importance of preserving coastal wetland ecosystems and suggest potential directions for further research aimed at mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Key Points: Airborne eddy covariance measurements reveal heterogeneity in CH4 and CO2 fluxes across southern FloridaVariability in carbon fluxes was primarily driven by vegetation types, season, ecosystem productivity, and soil inundationSouthern Florida served as a net carbon sink during all flight periods with CH4 emissions offsetting CO2 deposition by 11%–91% [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlled formation of mixed-metal bimetallics was achieved via two derivatised 1,10-phenanthroline ligands bearing an imino- or amino-phosphine appendage at the 5-position. Selective coordination of the phen group to the [Re(CO)3Cl] core was achieved enabling precise construction of bimetallic complexes with a second rhenium centre or with gold. The mixed Ru/Au complex was similarly obtained with the imino-phosphine but access to the heterobimetallic iridium systems required prior formation of the P-bound gold complexes subsequent to the introduction of the [Ir(Ppy)2]+ fragment. The Re/Pd, Re/Pt, Ir/Pd and Ir/Pt compounds were prepared from the combination of κ-N′′,P-Pd(Pt)Cl2 and the appropriate rhenium or iridium precursors. Spectroscopic and theoretical analyses have been employed to investigate the structural and electronic impact of the second metal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ring size-dependent diastereoselective coordination of unsymmetrical diamines containing one azacyclic nitrogen and one exocyclic nitrogen to [(η5-C5Me5)MCl]+ cores where M = Rh, Ir and [Ru(η6-cymene)Cl]+ is reported herein. Total stereoselectivity was observed with the six- and seven-membered azacycles, whereas the five-derivative proved poorly selective. All complexes were active for transfer hydrogenation but showed no enantioselectivity with prochiral ketones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observations of March 2024 Arctic (63°N–90°N) total column ozone set a record high of 477 Dobson Units (DU) against the 1979–2023 satellite era time series. It was about 60 DU higher than average and 6 DU higher than the previous March 1979 471 DU record. Daily Arctic ozone was above average for every day in March 2024, and set record highs from 11–26 March 2024. Microwave Limb Sounder data show this record ozone anomaly was concentrated in the lower stratosphere (10–30 km). These record values developed over the 2023–2024 winter and can be associated with vertically propagating planetary‐scale wave events that caused significant stratospheric warmings. These wave events forced poleward and downward ozone advection into the lower stratosphere, leading to record column ozone levels. The above average levels persisted through August 2024 and across the northern hemisphere. Plain Language Summary: Man‐made chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) depleted the Earth ozone layer. The 1987 Montreal Protocol curbed CFC growth, but because CFCs have multi‐decadal lifetimes, Arctic ozone is not expected to recover back to 1980 levels until ∼2045. Current high CFC levels combined with persistent and cold polar vortices led to severe Arctic ozone spring depletion in 1997, 2011, and 2020. Contrary to expectations, March 2024 Arctic ozone showed a record high level, dramatically contrasting against the severe depletion events. Meteorological and ozone profile information show that the exceptional 2024 ozone was mainly found in the lowermost Arctic stratosphere, in association with record high lowermost stratospheric temperatures. The ozone levels incrementally increased during the 2023–2024 winter because of large‐scale weather systems that propagated from the troposphere into the stratosphere. Collectively, these weather systems also were at a record level, moving higher ozone concentrations from the mid‐latitudes and upper stratospheric into the Arctic region. This record high ozone would likely have not occurred if CFC levels had not begun slowly declining in response to the Montreal Protocol. Given the absence of high Arctic ozone since the 1970s, the March 2024 record high should be considered a positive harbinger of the future Arctic ozone layer. Key Points: Arctic total column ozone in March 2024 set a record high for the 1979‐present periodPolar lower stratosphere temperatures also set a record high in March 2024 in the MERRA‐2 reanalysis dataA record amount of Rossby waves propagating upward from the troposphere caused the record total ozone and lower stratospheric temperature [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature presents different views on how the stratosphere influences variability in surface nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and on whether that influence is outweighed by surface emission changes driven by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). These questions are investigated using a chemistry–climate model with a stratospheric N 2 O tracer; surface and aircraft-based N 2 O measurements; and indices for ENSO, polar lower stratospheric temperature (PLST), and the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). The model simulates well-defined seasonal cycles in tropospheric N 2 O that are caused mainly by the seasonal descent of N 2 O-poor stratospheric air in polar regions with subsequent cross-tropopause transport and mixing. Similar seasonal cycles are identified in recently available N 2 O data from aircraft. A correlation analysis between the N 2 O atmospheric growth rate (AGR) anomaly in long-term surface monitoring data and the ENSO, PLST, and QBO indices reveals hemispheric differences. In the Northern Hemisphere, the surface N 2 O AGR is negatively correlated with winter (January–March) PLST. This correlation is consistent with an influence from the Brewer–Dobson circulation, which brings N 2 O-poor air from the middle and upper stratosphere into the lower stratosphere with associated warming due to diabatic descent. In the Southern Hemisphere, the N 2 O AGR is better correlated to QBO and ENSO indices. These different hemispheric influences on the N 2 O AGR are consistent with known atmospheric dynamics and the complex interaction of the QBO with the Brewer-Dobson circulation. More airborne surveys extending to the tropopause would help elucidate the stratospheric influence on tropospheric N 2 O, allowing for better understanding of surface sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this article, we summarize the deployment of the Air Force Weather (AFW) HPC11 system at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) including the process followed to successfully complete acceptance testing of the system. HPC11 is the first HPE/Cray EX 3000 system that has been successfully released to its user community in a federal facility. HPC11 consists of two identical 800‐node supercomputers, Fawbush and Miller, with access to two independent and identical lustre parallel file systems. HPC11 is equipped with Slingshot 10 interconnect technology and relies on the HPE Performance Cluster Manager software for system configuration. ORNL has a clearly defined acceptance testing process used to ensure that every new system deployed can provide the necessary capabilities to support user workloads. We worked closely with HPE and AFW to develop a set of tests that used the United Kingdom's Meteorological Office's Unified Model and 4‐dimensional variational data assimilation. We also included benchmarks and applications from the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility portfolio to fully exercise the HPE/Cray programming environment and evaluate the functionality and performance of the system. Acceptance testing of HPC11 required parallel execution of each element on Fawbush and Miller. In addition, careful coordination was needed to ensure successful acceptance of the newly deployed lustre file systems alongside the compute resources. In this work, we present test results from specific system components and provide an overview of the issues identified, challenges encountered, and the lessons learned along the way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]