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The role of language is pivotal in creating and conveying a meaning besides understanding between individuals. Politeness, which plays this role, strengthens interpersonal interaction with subtle, respectful and thoughtful behaviors of the language and it ensures better transmission of meaning. Politeness research is a subfield of pragmatics that examines the interpretation of context and the meaning. Politeness was first searched by Robin Lakoff (1973). Grice (1975), in his approach to politeness called “Conversational Implicatures”; He emphasized that speakers often collaborate in communication. Geoffrey N. Leech (1983), who explained the principles of cooperation and extensively searched his own principles of politeness, also investigated the “politeness principle” and its principles of “tact, humility, appreciation, generosity, compromise, sympathy”. In this article, the six principles of Leech’s politeness theory are taken as a basis and examples of the principles are identified in the novel Cevdet Bey and His Sons (Cevdet Bey ve Oğulları). This study, based on Leech’s principle of politeness and politeness, aims to understand the role and importance of politeness in this work, supported by examples from the novel Cevdet Bey and His Sons (Cevdet Bey ve Oğulları). The novel is chosen as the main subject of the research which is considered as an important work in modern Turkish literature since the Nobel Prize-winning author examines the historical and cultural development of Türkiye in his work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In pragmatics, study of how context influences interpretation of meaning, "on record" and "off record" strategies play crucial roles in communication. These strategies are part of the politeness theory developed by Penelope Brown and Levinson. This study uses Brown & Levinson's Politeness Theory to study politeness tactics used in familial interactions in Sialkot, Pakistan. Thus, surveying 40 families from urban and rural areas, the research uses a mixed-methods approach to examine the effects of gender, socioeconomic status & cultural norms. The results show complex communication dynamics where politeness techniques are shaped by societal and gendered factors. Rural families take a diversified approach, whereas urban families tend to communicate on-record. The study revealed that effective communication involves a balance between on record and off record strategies, depending on context, the relationship amid speaker and listener, and potential facethreatening nature of communication. The study provides significant and leading outcomes about pragmatics and further highlights the significance of realizing cultural subtleties in familial interaction & proposes directions for future studies that will use multimodal analytic approaches & examine regional variances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastery of the art of crafting online reviews and responses is essential as a valuable additional tool for enhancing learners' English proficiency in specialised contexts. This study aims to: 1) Examine the formality levels in crafting reviews and responses; 2) Explore face-threatening acts utilised in reviews and politeness strategies employed in responses; and 3) Uncover moves and steps in composing reviews and responses. Data was collected from the Top 25 Hotels in the World in 2022 according to Tripadvisor.com. Six distinct corpora were formed, comprising positive, negative, and mixed reviews, along with corresponding responses, resulting in 87,973 tokens. Findings show reviewers leaned towards casual language (85.87%), while respondents used a consultative style (82.67%) in their responses. The shift from casual to consultative occurred most frequently (70.67%). For politeness, admiration (73.07%) and expressions of complaints/reprimands (64.53%) were common in reviews. In responses, strategies like offering, promising, or giving gifts (72.00%) and apologising and begging for forgiveness (50.40%) were prevalent. Reviews used three moves and ten steps, while responses employed six moves and 16 steps. These insights can be integrated into ESP classrooms to enhance review and response writing skills effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

В статье представлены результаты исследования, посвященного распространенному в современной речи устойчивому выражению типа простите за тавтологию, которое выполняет функцию регуляции речевого поведения. Интерес к данному выражению вызывает причина, по которой поводом для извинений становится именно тавтологическая ошибка. Исследование направлено на поиск языковых и внеязыковых условий использования данного выражения. С этой целью описываются структурные, типологические и прагматические особенности данного выражения. Выявленные языковые факты свидетельствуют о том, что регуляция речевого поведения носит не только языковой, но и психологический характер, поскольку коммуникант реализует актуальную для него в процессе коммуникации потребность в соблюдении социальных норм.

This study aims to investigate the misunderstanding of Jordanian requests by non-Arab students at the northern universities of Jordan. The misunderstanding among the students at these universities restricts building strong relationships among the students which could expand the problem of making successful communications among them. Brown and Levinson's (1987) politeness theory is adopted to analyze the data together with Austin's (1975) and Searle's (1975) speech act theories. A mixed method is used to collect the data. For the quantitative data, the Discourse Completion Test (DCT) will be used, and for the qualitative data, a semi-structured interview will be conducted. The results are expected to achieve the objectives of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use recent developments within philosophy of science and within certain strands of linguistic research to throw light on each other. According to Ronald Giere's perspectivist philosophy of science, the scientific understanding of reality must proceed along different, mutually irreducible lines of approach. Giere's proposal, however, leaves unresolved the problem of how to integrate the ever‐growing multitude of highly diverse scientific accounts of what is, after all, one and the same world. We propose a technique for the alignment of different perspectives that will permit cross‐perspectival explanation, and thus allow for a more holistic picture of reality to emerge. With respect to modern linguistics, however, Giere's perspectivism merely legalises a de facto state of affairs, as this discipline displays the peaceful coexistence of a multitude of different theoretical perspectives. Still, this makes it all the more important to show how the different aspects of language picked out by these different perspectives combine to form one single complex reality. During our investigation, a largely overlooked type of reduction within linguistics comes to light, prevalent in classical as well as current work within speech act theory and politeness theory. We suggest how a more holistic understanding of language can be attained through our technique for integrating different perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: To identify factors influencing patient responses in potentially sensitive situations that might lead to embarrassment (defined by politeness theory (PT) as positive face-threatening acts [FTAs]) or a sense of imposition (defined by PT as negative FTAs) during Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) and to assess the participant's ability to mitigate such situations., Methods: Nineteen OSCE video recordings of 10 pharmacy trainees interacting with mock patients were examined using the PT framework. All relevant participants' speech acts were coded and quantified into type of FTAs and the mitigation strategies used. Patient (assessor) responses were classified then quantified into preferred responses (ie, quick response) vs dispreferred (ie, delayed or hesitant responses) using conversation analysis. The chi-square test was used to identify any association between relevant variables according to predefined hypotheses using SPSS version 27., Results: A total of 848 FTAs were analyzed. Participants failed to meet patient face needs in 32.4% of positive FTAs, in 11.5% of negative FTAs, and 44.4% of positive and negative FTAs. Although patients disclosing information about any inappropriate lifestyle behavior (as per OSCE scripts) expressed these via dispreferred mannerisms, participants were less likely to provide patients with reassurance when patient face needs were challenged in this way (68.2% of these dispreferred responses were not given reassuring feedback) than when they were maintained., Conclusion: Improving educational programs to include the context of patient face needs and conversational strategies for properly dealing with highly sensitive situations was suggested as a way to equip trainees with the skills to effectively build rapport with patients., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None declared., (Copyright © 2024 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)