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The fast-growing expansion of urban areas pose severe pressures on wildlife. However, some generalist native mammals thrive in urbanized landscapes, while invasive alien species (IAS) are often more abundant in cities than in rural habitats. Variation in phenotypes—such as differences in personality traits—can influence the probability to colonize anthropized areas, especially in the case of IAS where certain traits are related to invasion success. Here, we investigated the expression of activity, exploration, and social tendency in the invasive alien Eastern Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) in replicated study sites along a rural–urban gradient in Northern Italy. Personality traits expression was estimated using an open field test (OFT) followed by a mirror image stimulation (MIS) test. We found that squirrels were more active in urban than in suburban and rural sites, and behaved more sociable in urban than in suburban sites. Conversely, exploration did not differ along the gradient. Results also reveal the presence of a behavioral syndrome: activity (OFT), social tendency, and activity–exploration (MIS). We suggest that variation in activity level and social behavior in urban habitats could favor some species to respond positively to urbanization. This study sheds light on the underexplored personality–urbanization relationship in IAS, helping to understand the complex process of invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sleep problems are prevalent among individuals diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), significantly impacting their overall quality of life. Objective: This study sought to adopt a person-centered methodology to unveil the latent profiles of sleep quality and identify factors influencing sleep patterns in patients with GDM. Methods: The cross-sectional study gathered sociodemographic features, clinical information, sleep problems (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), personality traits (Type D Personality Scale), social support (Perceived Social Support Scale), and self-efficacy (General Self-efficacy Scale). Latent profile analysis was conducted to identify profiles of sleep quality, while multinomial logistic regression was employed to ascertain the factors influencing these identified profiles. Results: Among the 431 participants, 423 (98.1%) completed the questionnaire, with 53.0% reporting moderate-to-poor sleep quality. This study identified 4 distinct profiles of sleep quality among patients with GDM: the "good sleep quality" group (47.0%), the "poor sleep quality—long sleep duration" group (10.0%), the "moderate sleep quality" group (25.3%), and the "poor sleep quality—short sleep duration" group (17.7%). Individuals with type D personality were associated with the "poor sleep quality—long sleep duration" [odds ratio (OR) = 3.21, P =.005], "moderate sleep quality" (OR = 2.65, P =.003), and "poor sleep quality—short sleep duration" group (OR = 2.31, P =.018). Individuals with a history of GDM were associated with "poor sleep quality—long sleep duration" group (OR = 3.46, P =.005). Conclusions: The research revealed significant classification characteristics of sleep quality in patients with GDM, offering valuable insights for tailoring interventions to address distinct subcategories of sleep-related issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two field studies were conducted to examine how applicant faking impacts the normally linear construct relationships of personality tests using segmented regression and by partitioning samples to evaluate effects on validity across different ranges of test scores. Study 1 investigated validity decay across score ranges of applicants to a state police academy (N = 442). Personality test scores had nonlinear construct relations in the applicant sample, with scores from the top of the distribution being worse predictors of subsequent performance but more strongly related to social desirability scores; this pattern was not found for the partitioned scores of a cognitive test. Study 2 compared the relationship between personality test scores and job performance ratings of applicants (n = 97) to those of incumbents (n = 318) in a customer service job. Departures from linearity were observed in the applicant but not in the incumbent sample. Effects of applicant distortion on the validity of personality tests are especially concerning when validity decay increases toward the top of the distribution of test scores. Observing slope differences across ranges of applicant personality test scores can be an important tool in selection. Practitioner points: Validation in selection contexts generally relies on linear models that reflect top‐down selection.Applicant faking of personality tests can distort construct relations, resulting in nonlinearity.Validity results for personality tests from incumbent samples may not generalize well to applicant samples.Recognizing departures from linearity leads to more informed decisions on cut scores for self‐report tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality dysfunction operationalized as impairment in self- and interpersonal functioning is a characteristic of personality disorders. The metacognitive model suggests that dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs are a common cause of psychological disorders, but the relevance and importance of metacognitions for personality dysfunction is less explored and was the objective for the current study. In a sample of 1278 individuals, we conducted a multiple hierarchical regression analysis to test the predictive role of metacognitive beliefs for personality dysfunction. We found a unique and independent contribution from negative beliefs about the uncontrollability and danger of worry and lower cognitive confidence to personality dysfunction whilst controlling age, gender, maladaptive personality traits, big-5 personality traits, emotional distress symptoms, and general psychosocial functioning. The results bring further support for the metacognitive model of psychological disorders which may be relevant for formulation and treatment of personality dysfunction and disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a self-reported personality test that has continued to gain popularity and traction across industries. The MBTI assesses individuals within four dichotomous categories corresponding to ways to, ultimately, assign one of sixteen personality types. Prior studies indicate that physicians trended towards certain personality traits and medical students with a particular trait performed lower academically. Due to the recency of these studies, however, there is a substantial knowledge gap in the relationship between medical student MBTIs and academic performance, demographics, and career interests. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate this relationship amongst 4-year allopathic U.S. medical students and determine if there is substantial correlation to implement MBTI results in creating personalized student support services in school curriculum. Methods: This study was a single institution, cross-sectional study of 83 medical students. A survey was emailed to all students with the MBTI personality test paper edition, in addition to questions regarding specialty interest, learning style preference, and career values. Each student's responses were de-identified after pairing with the respective students' academic performance data and demographic information. Chi-square tests were used to compare MBTI data with categorical data such as demographic characteristics while independent sample t-tests were used to compare MBTI data with numerical variables like academic performance. Results: Our findings suggest statistically significant associations between Introversion (I) with older age and Thinking (T) with male students. Additionally, Thinking (T) students performed better academically, valued variety in patient care (breadth of patients and pathologies seen), and the specific type of patient contact (longitudinal vs. short-term, etc.). Conversely, Feeling (F) students trended towards people-oriented specialties. Regarding learning styles and study environments, Extroverted (E) and Judging (J) types preferred hands-on learning, though Judging (J) types also preferred a quiet environment. No other statistically significant differences were found amongst the remaining variables. Conclusion: Medical schools should utilize student MBTI results to individualize student academic and career support as our study indicates various significant associations between some of the personality types. While not a "one-size-fits-all," the MBTI can be used as a potential starting point for specialty exploration and learning styles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of large language models (LLMs) has promoted a transformation of human–computer interaction (HCI) models and has attracted the attention of scholars to the evaluation of personality traits of LLMs. As an important interface for the HCI and human–machine interface (HMI) in the future, the intelligent cockpit has become one of LLM's most important application scenarios. When in-vehicle intelligent systems based on in-vehicle LLMs begin to become human assistants or even partners, it has become important to study the "personality" of in-vehicle LLMs. Referring to the relevant research on personality traits of LLMs, this study selected the psychological scales Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2), Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), and Short Dark Triad (SD-3) to establish a personality traits evaluation framework for in-vehicle LLMs. Then, we used this framework to evaluate the personality of three in-vehicle LLMs. The results showed that psychological scales can be used to measure the personality traits of in-vehicle LLMs. In-vehicle LLMs showed commonalities in extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and action patterns, yet differences in openness, perception, decision-making, information acquisition methods, and psychopathy. According to the results, we established anthropomorphic personality personas of different in-vehicle LLMs. This study represents a novel attempt to evaluate the personalities of in-vehicle LLMs. The experimental results deepen our understanding of in-vehicle LLMs and contribute to the further exploration of personalized fine-tuning of in-vehicle LLMs and the improvement in the user experience of the automobile in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Solo driving generates negative environmental effects. • Carpooling is an environmentally friendly, practical, and cost-effective solution. • Levers for carpooling to work have been tested with five personality tendencies. • The economic reward remains a strong and common lever of carpooling to work. • Adaptable carpooling services would meet the needs of various personality tendencies. This study aims to test the sensitivity of five personality tendencies to levers of carpooling to work. We launched a large-scale online questionnaire targeting daily car drivers in France (N = 1,134 respondents) to test the link between levers to engage in carpooling (environmental awareness, confidence in others, relationship to time, economic gain and easy access to carpooling) and five personality tendencies of car drivers' (feeling of ecological responsibility/ FER, social affinity as a measure of level of extraversion/ SA, saving time tendency to individual with a time-pressure sensitivity/ ST, sensitivity to reward/ SR, and technophilia/ TECH). Respondents were questioned about their home-to-work carpooling habits and motives, their preferences according to some carpooling options, their assessments of a new carpooling to work concept and their projected use of it. The results show a strong link between the five chosen personality tendencies and carpooling practice, perception and overall acceptance, except for the sensitivity to reward (SR). Economic gain is a strong lever for the entire population, and this must be maintained for all and rendered more visible. Our results also reveal that a carpooling to work service, adaptable to all the driver's requests at each step of carpooling would meet the various needs of the different personality tendencies. In addition, a carpooling application must allow adaptability to specific personality tendencies (FER, ST, SA as a minimum) regarding the choices to be made at each stage of carpooling, while ensuring user-friendliness to facilitate access to those who are least comfortable with new technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dairy calves routinely experience disease, pain, and nutritional stressors such as diarrhea, dehorning, and weaning early in life. These stressors lead to changes in behavioral expression that varies in magnitude between individuals, where a greater magnitude change would suggest lower resilience in individuals to a stressor. Thus, this study first aimed to quantify the individual variation in magnitude change in feeding behaviors and activity in response to a bout of diarrhea, dehorning, and weaning. The next objective was to then investigate if personality traits were related to this magnitude of behavioral response in dairy calves, and thus their resilience toward these stressors. Calves were followed with 2 precision livestock technologies (e.g., an automatic feeding system, and leg accelerometer) to track behavioral changes in response during the time when the stressors were present. The automatic feeding system provided daily measures of milk intake, drinking speed, rewarded and unrewarded visits to the milk feeding station, and calf starter intake. The leg accelerometer provided daily measures of steps, activity index, lying time, and lying bouts. At 23 ± 3 d of age, Holstein dairy calves (n = 49) were subjected to a series of standardized personality tests that exposed the calf to novelty and fear stimuli. Factors extracted from a principal component analysis on the behaviors from the personality test were interpreted as personality traits: Factor 1 (fearful), Factor 2 (active) and Factor 3 (explorative). The magnitude changes in behaviors from the precision livestock technologies were calculated relative to the behavior performed on the day the stressor occurred (i.e., day of diagnosis, day of dehorning, day weaned). Linear regression models were used to determine whether calf scores on each factor were associated with magnitude change in behavior for each of the stressor periods with day relative to the stressor included as a repeated measure. Models were run independently for the period leading up to and following each stressor. We found that calves varied in their behavioral responses to diarrhea, dehorning, and weaning stressors, despite being reared in the same environment and experiencing consistent management procedures. Additionally, personality traits measured from standardized tests were associated with both the direction and magnitude of change in behaviors around each stressor. For instance, with diarrhea, calves that were highly fearful had a greater magnitude change in milk intake and drinking speed following diagnosis than the least fearful calves. With dehorning, calves that were highly explorative had a greater magnitude change in lying time when dehorned, but a smaller magnitude change in lying bouts and drinking speed following dehorning, compared with the least explorative calves. With weaning, calves that were highly active had a smaller magnitude change in unrewarded visits leading up to and following weaning than calves that were the least active. Each of the personality traits had a significant association with change in behavior surrounding each of the stressors evaluated, although these associations depended on the type of stressor. These results have implications for how individual calves experience each stressor and therefore individual animal welfare. The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined the extent to which the currently established factor structure of the Personality Inventory for DSM‐5 (PID‐5; Krueger et al., 2013) generalizes to a large Persian community sample, as well as relations between the resulting PID‐5 factors and two temperament measures. Cross‐sectional data came from 946 adults (65% female) from western Iran. With the use of exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) with target rotation, we found factor loadings that showed fairly similar patterns to those found in two previous meta‐analytic PID‐5 studies with predominantly North American and European samples (Watters & Bagby, 2018; Somma et al., 2019). Despite slight differences in each of the target rotations, there were moderate congruence coefficients (~0.85) between loadings for the five PID‐5 domains, with the weakest evidence supporting the Disinhibition factor. The resulting PID‐5 factors showed meaningful associations with temperament domains assessed via the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI; Cloninger, 1994) and Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego‐Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS‐A; Akiskal et al., 2005). Overall, our findings suggest that the documented structure of personality pathology assessed by the PID‐5 generalizes somewhat to this sample of Persian participants, and pathological personality traits show important overlap with temperament, although these constructs are meaningfully distinct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What sort of people like to work from home (WFH)? In this study 1185 adults from different sectors and countries completed a work-related personality test (HPTI) and a self-esteem measure as well as indicating their preference for WFH. Correlations showed that those who were less Adjusted, Conscientious, and Risking Taking showed a preference for WFH. The regression suggested the strongest indicator was sex, degree status, and trait Conscientiousness. We split the sample by sex, age and education and reran the six regressions. Conscientiousness was consistently significant, though other personality factors were important for non-graduates. Explanations and implications of this finding are discussed. The limitations of a cross-sectional study using only self-report data is acknowledged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to: (1) test and explain the type of experience scuba diving is among people with physical impairments based on the experience-type framework; (2) assess and describe their personality based on the Big Five domains; and (3) identify if personality, years diving, and diving level predict experience-type. Methods: An explanatory sequential mixed methods design was employed. The quantitative phase used a cross-sectional survey (n = 103). The qualitative phase used follow-up interviews with 15 participants divided into 3 case study groups. Joint displays with meta-inferences integrated the data. Results: Quantitative and qualitative findings concurred on scuba being a transformative experience. 82.52% of survey participants reported scuba as a transformative experience, with no significant differences on experience impact based on impairment category (p = 0.56), impairment onset (p = 0.66), gender (p = 0.08), race/ethnicity (p = 0.51), or age (p = 0.07). Big Five personality domains, years diving, or diving level did not predict experience impact (R2 = 0.14, F(12,90) = 1.304, p = 0.2305). Data strand results differed on salient personality domains. Seven qualitative themes emerged, five on experience-type and two on personality. Conclusions: We recommend the exploration of scuba diving as a prospective rehabilitation intervention. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: Innovative rehabilitation interventions that provide positive experiences and long-term health benefits to people with physical impairments are needed. Participants reported that scuba diving had a positive transformative impact in their lives through positive emotions, peace/relaxation, personal growth, development of skills, social connections, physical and mental healing, and lasting behavioral changes. Reporting scuba diving as a transformative experience was not influenced by the scuba divers' personality domains, diving level, demographic characteristics, or the number of years they had been diving. Authors recommend the consideration and further exploration of scuba diving as a prospective physical and psychosocial rehabilitation intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The modifiable risk factor exerting the most substantial influence on the development and disease course of multiple sclerosis (MS) is cigarette smoking. Furthermore, smoking is associated with a higher risk of suffering from one or more comorbidities and potentially contributes to polypharmacy. We aimed to use personality tests to explore health-promoting and harmful patient characteristics. Objective: To investigate two important factors influencing the course of MS – the degree of smoking dependence and the status of polypharmacy – in association with personality traits. Design: This is a bicentric, cross-sectional study. Methods: We collected sociodemographic, clinical and medical data from patients with MS (n = 375) at two German neurological clinics. The participants were asked to complete the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R). Relationships between variables were examined using correlation analyses, and differences between groups were examined using linear models. Current smokers with MS were also asked to complete the Fagerström questionnaire to categorize them into patients with mild, moderate and severe smoking dependence. Results: In our sample, 67.5% were women, and the mean age was 48.1 years. The patients had a median Expanded Disability Status Scale of 3.0 at a median disease duration of 10 years. Patients with MS with severe smoking dependence had on average a significantly higher neuroticism score in the NEO-FFI compared to those with mild or moderate smoking dependence. Patients with MS and polypharmacy had significantly higher neuroticism scores than those without. In the extraversion scale of the NEO-FFI, patients with MS and polypharmacy had significantly lower scores on average. Significant differences were also found when analysing the TCI-R in patients with MS and heavy smoking dependence, with higher scores for harm avoidance (HA) and lower scores for reward dependence, self-directedness (S-D) and cooperativeness (CO) in various subscales. Polypharmacy in patients with MS was associated with higher scores for HA and self-transcendence. Furthermore, patients with polypharmacy showed lower values than patients without polypharmacy in individual subscales of the dimensions of persistence, S-D and CO. Conclusion: Using the NEO-FFI, we were able to show that neuroticism is a detrimental trait and extraversion a protective trait in patients with MS in relation to nicotine dependence and polypharmacy. In addition, the evaluation of the TCI-R showed that high HA as well as low S-D and CO scores were more common in patients with MS and nicotine dependence or polypharmacy. With this knowledge, the risk of polypharmacy and smoking can be understood in the context of personality characteristics and targeted treatment and counselling can be provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Literature suggests that early mobilisation, defined as the initiation of physical activity within 48 hours following surgery, improves outcomes after cardiac surgery. This systematic review assessed the effectiveness of early mobilisation on physical function and other outcomes, including length of hospital stay and cost following heart valve surgery. Methods: The Physiotherapy Evidence Database, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane Library were systematically searched from inception until May 2022 using relevant key words. Randomised controlled trials comparing early mobilisation and usual care for patients who had received heart valve surgery were included in the review. Methodological quality was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale and risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. The data were narratively synthesised. Results: The search identified 210 articles, with 98 remaining after duplicates were removed. Upon screening for eligibility, nine articles were assessed in full and three randomised controlled trials involving 161 patients were included in the review. Early mobilisation protocols varied across trials. Two trials (n=124) reported significantly greater improvement in physical function with early mobilisation compared to usual care, including handgrip strength (P=0.001). One study (n=41) found early mobilisation significantly reduced the length of hospital stay (P=0.000), in-hospital care costs (P=0.000) and intensive care unit stay (P=0.000) compared to usual care. Methodological quality scores ranged from six to nine on the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. The risk of biased judgement was 'low' in one study and 'some concerns' in two studies. Conclusions: Early mobilisation may improve physical function and reduce hospital and intensive care unit stays after heart valve surgery. However, differences in protocols and limited studies indicate further high-quality research is needed, particularly regarding cost-effectiveness. Establishing clear early mobilisation protocols could enhance recovery in this population. Implications for practice: Early mobilisation may require the coordinated effort of a multidisciplinary team of physiotherapists, nurses and possibly other medical professionals. For its seamless and effective implementation, it is essential to understand whether this intervention falls under the domain of physiotherapists or requires broader team collaboration. Given these complexities, strategies targeting early mobilisation that balance both safety and resource considerations are advised to improve physical function after heart valve surgery, especially among patients who are frail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The applications of psilocybin, derived from 'magic mushrooms,' are vast, including a burgeoning practice known as microdosing, which refers to the administration of sub-hallucinogenic doses of psychedelic substances to obtain benefits without experiencing significant cognitive and perceptual distortion. However, current research is fairly new with several limitations and gaps that hinder adequate conclusions on its efficacy. Aims: This semi-structured review aimed to identify and highlight research gaps in the field of psilocybin microdosing for future research. Methods: A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses based strategy was employed, utilizing a chain of keywords and key phrases across multiple databases, augmented by a cross-sectional Google search for relevant grey literature in the form of the top 10 search results. A total of 40 studies and 8 unique websites were identified, summarized and tabulated into four distinct categories, namely non-clinical, clinical, observational and anecdotal evidence. Results: The majority of available evidence originates from observational studies, while non-clinical and clinical study findings remain comparatively sparse and inconsistent. Web-based findings were consistent with current research findings. Key research gaps were highlighted: the imperative for more randomized placebo-controlled trials, exploration of dose-response ranges, psychological and personality testing of participants, utilization of active placebos, greater diversity in study populations, an increase in psilocybin-exclusive microdosing studies and the refinement of animal models. Conclusion: Definitive conclusions regarding the efficacy of psilocybin microdosing remain elusive, emphasizing the need for further study. Numerous research gaps necessitate consideration for future investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Item response tree (IRTree) models are a flexible framework to control self-reported trait measurements for response styles. To this end, IRTree models decompose the responses to rating items into sub-decisions, which are assumed to be made on the basis of either the trait being measured or a response style, whereby the effects of such person parameters can be separated from each other. Here we investigate conditions under which the substantive meanings of estimated extreme response style parameters are potentially invalid and do not correspond to the meanings attributed to them, that is, content-unrelated category preferences. Rather, the response style factor may mimic the trait and capture part of the trait-induced variance in item responding, thus impairing the meaningful separation of the person parameters. Such a mimicry effect is manifested in a biased estimation of the covariance of response style and trait, as well as in an overestimation of the response style variance. Both can lead to severely misleading conclusions drawn from IRTree analyses. A series of simulation studies reveals that mimicry effects depend on the distribution of observed responses and that the estimation biases are stronger the more asymmetrically the responses are distributed across the rating scale. It is further demonstrated that extending the commonly used IRTree model with unidimensional sub-decisions by multidimensional parameterizations counteracts mimicry effects and facilitates the meaningful separation of parameters. An empirical example of the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) background questionnaire illustrates the threat of mimicry effects in real data. The implications of applying IRTree models for empirical research questions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Courts rely heavily on the recommendations of mental health evaluators when making decisions about competency (e.g., Zapf, Hubbard, Cooper, Wheeles, & Ronan, 2004), including civil competency (e.g., Quickel, Demakis, & Reeve, 2017); however, very little is known about how evaluators arrive at their opinions regarding an individual's capacity. The current study assessed clinical decision-making using a policy capturing methodology. An ecologically valid sample (N = 47) of predominantly white (87.23%) and female (55.30%) clinicians who were eligible to conduct civil competency evaluations in North Carolina were recruited to examine the degree to which five key factors (functional test data, cognitive test data, personality test data, hospitalization history, and/or medication compliance) influenced clinician competency determinations. Personal insight into one's decision-making process was also measured. Consistent with previous research, functional test data was weighted most heavily in evaluator decisions, though all five factors were considered. Further analysis suggested variable levels of self-awareness of one's decision-making policies by participants depending on the factor. In addition, there was high agreement among clinicians when cases were straightforward, but perfect disagreement (half recommending competency, half recommending incompetency) among clinicians when cases were more complex. Implications for civil competency assessment and decision-making are discussed. IMPACT STATEMENT: Functional assessment data drives clinician decisions regarding civil capacity, over and above the impact of cognitive and personality test data, hospitalization history, and medication compliance. Due to high levels of court reliance on the recommendation of clinical evaluators, and the different standards of civil competency across different states and jurisdictions, understanding how evaluators arrive at competency recommendations is imperative and has clinical, legal, and ethical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consistent behavioural responses of individuals (i.e. personality) have been linked with reproductive output and success across a range of taxa. In species with biparental care, the behavioural compatibility of breeding partners may also affect reproductive output, perhaps because it allows greater pair coordination during breeding attempts. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pairs of greylag geese are assortatively paired for personality, and whether these traits within pairs affect reproductive output. We used repeated behavioural assays in the field to quantify three personality traits: activity (focal observations), boldness (flight initiation distance) and aggressiveness (response to mirror image). We assessed their correlation with three measures of reproductive output (clutch size, hatching success and fledging success). All three personality traits were significantly repeatable; however, we found no evidence that pairs within the flock routinely assortatively paired for any trait, regardless of the pair bond duration. Nevertheless, there may still be fitness benefits associated with pair compatibility. Pairs in which the partners were similar in average boldness had higher hatching success, although this trend was not found for clutch size or fledging success. These results suggest that the benefits of having similar predator defence strategies within pairs differ across the breeding cycle, resulting in no overall selection for assortative mating for boldness. • Personality of both parents and their similarity in personality can affect fitness. • Greylag geese were not assortatively paired for personality at the flock level. • Similarity in parental personality correlated with hatching success. • Similarity in personality within pairs did not affect fledging success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between ethical dispositions and scientific and academic ethics is important in understanding how individuals' general ethical values influence their behavior in the academic setting. Examining this relationship by considering personality, which is one of the important individual characteristics, will be useful in developing strategies to prevent ethical violations and encourage ethical behavior in the academic world. This study aims to investigate the relationships between medical students' personality traits, ethical position, and levels of scientific ethics. 363 medical faculty students from various grade levels participated in the study, which used a relational survey model. "Five Factor Personality Inventory", "Ethical Position Scale" and "Scientific Ethics Scales" were used to collect the data of the study. The analysis of the research data was carried out with SEM analysis in AMOS Program. The study's conclusions indicate that medical faculty students had a high level of scientific ethics and ethical position. Additionally, a five-factor personality test revealed that the students exhibited a high degree of variability in the areas of conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to new ideas. Medical students' ethical position and personality traits significantly predicted their perceptions of scientific ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Inventory of Personality Organization-Reality Testing Subscale (IPO-RT) and Belief in Science Scale (BIS) represent indirect, proxy measures of intuitive-experiential and analytical-rational thinking. However, a limited appraisal of factorial structure exists, and assessment of person-item functioning has not occurred. This study assessed the IPO-RT and BIS using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch analysis with a sample of 1030 participants (465 males, 565 females). Correlation analysis revealed a negative, moderate relationship between the measures. CFA supported a bifactorial model of the IPO-RT with four bifactors (Auditory and Visual Hallucinations, Delusional Thinking, Social Deficits, and Confusion). A one-factor model best fitted the BIS. Satisfactory item/person reliability and unidimensionality was observed for both measures using Rasch analysis, and items generally exhibited gender invariance. However, IPO-RT items were challenging, whereas BIS items were relatively easy to endorse. Overall, results indicated that the IPO-RT and BIS are conceptually sound, indirect indices of intuitive-experiential and analytical-rational thinking. Acknowledging the breadth of these thinking styles, a useful future research focus includes evaluating the performance of IPO-RT and BIS alongside objective tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been little attention to personality in research on school refusal (SR). This study examined personality traits among 41 adolescents receiving cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) during participation in a School Refusal Program in the Netherlands. Traits were examined via clinical scales and 2-point code types derived from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–Adolescent. The influence of personality traits on treatment outcome was examined at post-treatment and 1-year follow-up. At pretreatment, eight of the 10 clinical scales were disproportionately skewed toward the "high to very high" range relative to a norm group. Social introversion and depressive symptomatology were significantly increased relative to the norm group, and nearly one-half of the adolescents were characterized by code type 2-3/3-2 (depression/hysteria) or 2-0/0-2 (depression/social introversion). Adolescents characterized by a 2-0/0-2 code type were almost twice as likely (odds ratio = 1.78) to be treatment responders at post-treatment. There was no relation between personality traits and treatment outcome at follow-up. The small sample size limits generalization of the study's findings. If the results are replicated, personality traits may provide useful indications for personalizing treatment when employing interventions recommended in CBT manuals for SR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traits of the dark triad (narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism) capture the individual differences in the aversive personality. The dark triad has shown significant relations with behaviors that affect people's lives. One of the best-known instruments to assess the dark triad is the Dirty Dozen. However, controversy continues over the use of one general dark triad score or, conversely, three different scores. This study aimed to investigate the factor structure of the Dirty Dozen across eight global regions. There were 11,477 participants in 49 countries grouped into eight regions. Different factor structures were studied using confirmatory factor analyses. Both the three-dimensional models and the bifactor models (symmetrical or traditional and non-symmetrical or bifactor-[S – 1]) showed a good fit to the data. The bifactor-(S – 1) models (with psychopathy or Machiavellianism as the reference factors) show adequate fit to the data, supported by the coherence of the factorial loadings and the bifactor indices. Regarding measurement invariance for both models, configural, metric, and scalar invariance were satisfied. The results indicate that it is not clear whether a psychopathy or Machiavellianism reference factor predominates in the Dirty Dozen. For both models, templates are provided to obtain standardized scores for applied researchers in the eight studied world regions until future studies offer a greater amount of validity evidence for this instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research consistently demonstrates that people can distort their responses on self‐report personality tests. Informant‐reports (where a knowledgeable informant rates a target's personality) can be used as an alternative to self‐ratings. However, there has been little research on the extent to which informants can distort their responses on personality tests (or their motives for response distortion). The current study examines the effects of experimentally induced response distortion on self‐ and informant‐reports of the Dark Triad. The participants (N = 834 undergraduates) completed Dark Triad measures in a 2 × 3 between‐person design crossing format (self‐ vs. informant‐report [imagined friend]) with instruction condition (answer honestly, look good, or look bad). "Look good" effects were significant for both self‐reports (d = −1.22 to 1.42) and informant‐reports (d = −1.35 to 0.62). "Look bad" effects were also significant for both self‐reports (d = −0.56 to 3.58) and informant‐reports (d = −0.55 to 3.70). The Five Factor Machiavellianism Inventory results were opposite to hypotheses, but Dirty Dozen Machiavellianism results were as expected. We conclude that people can distort Dark Triad scores for themselves (self‐report) and on behalf of someone else (informant‐report). We discuss the relevance of our findings for self‐ and informant‐report assessment in applied contexts. Practitioner Points: The study demonstrates that informants can distort their responses on Dark Triad personality domains, highlighting the need for scrutiny in informant‐reports and self‐reports.By manipulating instructions to "look good" and "look bad," the study found significant effects of faking on both self‐reports and informant‐reports of the Dark Triad domains.Results of this study emphasize the importance of considering response distortion in the assessment of the Dark Triad, especially in high‐stakes real‐world contexts, to ensure accurate score interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Candidate reactions represent a pressing contemporary subject, with heightened expectations for favorable treatment from companies during recruitment. Negative encounters adversely affect employer branding and candidate attraction. Thus, meticulously cultivating the candidate experience is imperative. This research examines the responses of candidates to various hiring methods in Morocco. A total of 244 job seekers rated the favorability and fairness of selection methods, including interviews, resumes, work-sample tests, biographical information blanks, written ability tests, personal references, personality tests, honesty tests, graphology, and personal contacts. Moroccan job seekers completed an online questionnaire, and data were analyzed using IBM SPSS. The snowball sampling method was employed, with participants initially identified on LinkedIn. Our primary objective is to assess the prevalence of the ten selection procedures used in Morocco and examine candidates' favorability towards these approaches. Within-subjects analysis of variance (ANOVA) evaluated differences in candidates' responses to the selection methods. Applicants expressed the most positive responses towards résumés, work-sample tests, interviews, and personality tests, while graphology, references, and biographical information were the least favorable. Regarding procedural justice, applicants rated frequency of use, predictive validity, opportunity to perform, employer's rights, and face validity most positively, while interpersonal warmth and invasion of privacy were least valued. However, this study faced several limitations. The cross-sectional design hindered robust causal inferences, and reliance on single-item measures for procedural fairness and organizational outcomes limited our findings' depth. Generalizing results to the broader Moroccan population requires caution due to potential regional and sectoral variations. While snowball sampling increased the sample size, it precluded response rate calculation. Practical implications and future research perspectives are also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human resource (HR) practices have been focused on using assessments that are robust to faking and response biases associated with Likert‐type scales. As an alternative, multidimensional forced‐choice (MFC) measures have recently shown advances in reducing faking and response biases while retaining similar levels of validity to Likert‐type measures. Although research evidence supports the effectiveness of MFC measures, fairness issues resulting from gender biases in the use of MFC measures have not yet been investigated in the literature. Given the importance of gender equity in HR development, it is vital that new assessments improve upon known gender biases in the historical use of Likert‐type measures and do not lead to gender discrimination in HR practices. In this vein, our investigation focuses specifically on potential gender biases in the use of MFC measures for HR development. Specifically, our study examines differential test‐taker reactions and differential prediction of self‐assessed leadership ability between genders when using the MFC personality measure. In an experimental study with college students, we found no evidence of gender differences in test‐taker reactions to MFC measures. In a second cross‐sectional study with full‐time employees, we found evidence of intercept differences, such that females were frequently underpredicted when using MFC personality measures to predict self‐assessed leadership ability. Moreover, the pattern of differential prediction using MFC measures was similar to that of Likert‐type measures. Implications for MFC personality measures in applied practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. This study aims to compare the work stress and obsessive-compulsive symptoms of nurses and office workers and to determine the relationship between work stress and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Methods. A total of 127 nurses and 127 office workers participated in the cross-sectional study and comparative study. Data were collected using the perceived work stress scale and the Maudsley obsessive-compulsive inventory. Results. Nurses had higher work stress scores (p = 0.003) in general than office workers. In particular, nurses with a low (p < 0.039) and average (p < 0.007) economic status, nurses who had been employed for 1–10 years (p < 0.001) and nurses working 40 h per week (p < 0.042) had higher work stress scores than office workers. There was no difference (p > 0.05) between obsessive-compulsive symptom scores. There was a positive significant relationship (p < 0.001) between work stress and obsessive-compulsive symptom scores of nurses and office workers. Work stress explains 6.1% of the obsessive-compulsive symptoms in nurses and 12.4% in office workers. Conclusion. The results of this study concluded that work stress of nurses is higher than that of office workers and work stress affects the obsessive-compulsive symptoms in both groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There is evidence that suggests that affective dimensions, personality traits, as well as students' cooperative interpersonal interactions, are an important element in the students learning process. In this work we propose a theoretical model, based on evidence, that shows the direct and indirect relationships between these factors and academic performance in mathematics courses, in undergraduate and school students. Methods: To understand the type of relationships between these variables, the PANAS psychometric test of positive and negative affect, the BIG FIVE personality test and the economic decision game DUPLES GAME were applied. The study sample was 130 students between 17 and 22 years of age from undergraduate and school (M ± SD = 20.1 ± 3.99). Results: From a path analysis, statistically significant relationships were found, for example, a direct relationship between neuroticism and positive affect, which in turn is related to academic performance. We also found a direct relationship between neuroticism and negative affect, extraversion and positive affect. This allows us to propose that some of the independent variables of the model directly and indirectly influence the academic performance of students in the subject of mathematics. Conclusion: Positive affect and negative affect directly affect academic performance in mathematics, neuroticism has a direct impact on negative affect and extraversion direct impact on positive affect. Consequently, there are direct and indirect relationships between personality traits and affective dimensions, which affect the academic performance of mathematics students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Previous empirical research in the social sciences suggests sizable differences across religious denominations for various outcomes of interest, such as educational attainment, marital stability, wealth, or fertility. A small body of previous experimental literature has investigated possible differences in economic preference parameters (including time preference and risk attitude) between religious denominations that might explain those differences. Methods: This research adds to the extant literature on religion and preferences by including information on subjects' Big Five personality traits and analyzing potential correlations with loss aversion. It combines experimental data from incentivized choices with information on religious affiliation during high school and Big Five personality traits to test for possible correlations of religious denomination with risk attitude, time preference, and loss aversion, using Bayesian analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bayesian regression analysis. Results: Bayesian ANOVA results suggest no preference differences between the religions analyzed in this research. When controlling for Big Five personality traits and a host of other background variables, Bayesian regression results suggest no effects of either religious affiliation or Big Five personality traits measures on the three economic preference parameters analyzed here. Discussion: These findings highlight the complexity of the relationship between religion, personality traits, and economic preference parameters, suggesting that previously observed differences may be influenced by the preference measures used or other unobserved factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dysmenorrhea is associated with increased risk of chronic pain and hyperalgesia. Menstruating individuals with dysmenorrhea are more likely to have elevated pain reactivity when experiencing experimental pain, than those without. However, no study has examined intragroup differences in reactions to experimentally induced pain for individuals with dysmenorrhea. The main aim of this study was to examine the relative roles of dysmenorrhea severity and interference in the experience of experimentally-induced pain. Methods: Participants were 120 menstruating individuals involved in a larger research study examining the influence of expectations on experimentallyinduced pain. As part of the study, participants completed an online questionnaire regarding demographic and menstrual information and participated in a cold pressor task. Participants were randomized into four groups based on the manipulation of two independent variables: (1) high vs. low expectations about pain severity (pain-expectations); (2) and high vs. low expectations about one's pain tolerance (self-expectations). Participants verbally rated their pain severity throughout the cold pressor task using a 0-10 scale. Regression analyses were conducted examining the relationships between dysmenorrhea experience (i.e., average severity and interference) and cold pressor data [pain severity ratings and pain tolerance (i.e., total time in the cold pressor)], controlling for the manipulated expectations and age. Then, moderation analyses were conducted examining expectation group differences. Results: When controlling for manipulated expectations and age, dysmenorrhea severity significantly predicted initial pain severity rating (p = 0.022) but did not predict final pain severity rating (p = 0.263) or pain tolerance (p = 0.120). Dysmenorrhea interference did not predict initial pain severity rating (p = 0.106), final pain severity rating (p = 0.134), or pain tolerance (p = 0.360). A moderation analysis indicated that the relationship between dysmenorrhea severity and initial pain severity rating was not moderated by painexpectations, χ²(1) = 0.412, p = 0.521. Discussion: During an experimentally-induced pain task, dysmenorrhea severity but not interference predicted initial pain severity rating, such that higher levels of dysmenorrhea severity predicted greater initial pain severity rating. This suggests individuals with more severe dysmenorrhea pain may experience greater initial sensitivity to pain and be at risk for increased sensitivity to acute pain and potentially the development of chronic pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The triarchic model posits that distinct trait constructs of boldness, meanness, and disinhibition underlie psychopathy. The triarchic model traits are conceptualized as biobehavioral dimensions that can be assessed using different sets of indicators from alternative measurement modalities; as such, the triarchic model would hypothesize that these traits are not confined to any one item set. The present study tested whether the triarchic model dimensions would emerge from a hierarchical-structural analysis of the facet scales of the Elemental Psychopathy Assessment (EPA), an inventory designed to comprehensively index psychopathy according to the five-factor personality model. Study participants (Ns = 811, 170) completed the EPA and three different scale sets assessing the triarchic traits along with criterion measures of antisocial/externalizing behaviors. Bass-ackwards modeling of the EPA facet scales revealed a four-level structure, with factors at the third level appearing similar to the triarchic trait dimensions. An analysis in which scores for the Level-3 EPA factors were regressed onto corresponding latent-trait dimensions defined using the different triarchic scale sets revealed extremely high convergence (βs =.84–.91). The Level-3 EPA factors also evidenced validity in relation to relevant criteria, approximating and sometimes exceeding that evident for the Level-4 EPA factors. Together, these results indicate that the triarchic trait constructs are embedded in a psychopathy inventory designed to align with a general personality model and effectively predict pertinent external criteria. Public Significance Statement: The present work tested the hypothesis that the triarchic model constructs would be present in alternative questionnaire inventories (in this case, the Elemental Psychopathy Assessment [EPA]), revealed by a specific type of analysis called "bass-ackwards modeling." Furthermore, the three triarchic model factors showed equivalent or sometimes increased external validity compared to extracting the four traditional factors from the EPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We employ a new approach for classifying methods of personality measurement such as self-judgment, mental ability, and lifespace measures and the data they produce. We divide these measures into two fundamental groups: personal-source data, which arise from the target person's own reports, and external-source data, which derive from the areas surrounding the person. These two broad classes are then further divided according to what they target and the response processes that produce them. We use the model to organize roughly a dozen kinds of data currently employed in the field. With this classification system in hand, we describe how much we might expect two types of measures of the same attribute to converge—and explain why methods often yield somewhat different results. Given that each measurement method has its own strengths and weaknesses, we examine the pros and cons of selecting a given type of measure to assess a specific area of personality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Veganism and anarchism are burgeoning worldwide, yet very few studies have examined the psychological characteristics of people belonging to these two anti‐oppression groups. The present study investigated whether vegans and anarchists, on the one hand, and activists and non‐activists belonging to these two groups, on the other hand, exhibit distinct personality profiles. To this end, a sample of 180 adults who self‐identify as vegans or anarchists completed an online socio‐demographic questionnaire, the HEXACO Personality Inventory, and the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen. A discriminant function analysis showed that anarchists are more likely than vegans to self‐identify as belonging to a gender other than female or male, or to identify with no gender at all. Further, the proportion of men was larger in the anarchist group than in the vegan group. In terms of personality traits, vegans scored higher on the Conscientiousness, Emotionality, and Honesty–Humility dimensions than anarchists did. Anarchists scored higher than vegans on Openness to Experience and Psychopathy. Activists and non‐activists were not distinguished based on gender or personality traits. While the dynamics of power and oppression toward humans and toward animals share common factors, the present results suggest that veganism and anarchism attract anti‐oppression advocates with distinct personality profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality pathology is associated with emotional problems that are potentially attributable to problematic emotion regulation strategy patterns. We evaluated the emotion regulation strategies associated with the pathological personality traits in the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD). A total of 504 participants completed measures of AMPD traits and strategy usage, which were analyzed using hierarchical regressions and latent profile analysis (LPA). Regression results demonstrated that each trait was associated with a unique strategy pattern: negative affect with emotional overengagement, detachment with socialemotional avoidance, antagonism with emotional externalization/avoidance, disinhibition with emotional avoidance and overengagement, and psychoticism with strategies linked to psychotic/dissociative experiences. The LPA identified three profiles with heightened AMPD traits: an internalizing/distressed profile, an externalizing/distressed profile, and a schizoid-schizotypal profile; each had a unique strategy pattern that varied depending on trait composition. This research highlights the relevance of emotion regulation strategy patterns in the assessment, conceptualization, and treatment of personality pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Fijian 'Bula Smile' is often described as the world's friendliest; however, its description remains anecdotal. Objective: This study aimed to describe and compare the dynamics of Fijians' smiles with those of New Zealand Europeans. Methods: An observational study was conducted on two ethnic groups, Fijians (FJ; N = 23) and New Zealand Europeans (NZ; N = 23), age‐ and gender‐matched. All participants were asked to watch amusing videos, and their reactions were video recorded. The videos were analysed by software to assess the frequency, duration, intensity and genuineness of smiling episodes. Based on the Facial Action Coding System, Action Unit 6 (AU6—cheek raiser), Action Unit 12 (AU12—lip corner puller) and Action Unit 25 (AU25—lips apart) were assessed. Data were analysed by generalised linear models after adjusting for personality traits. Results: Fijians smiled longer than New Zealand Europeans (+19.9%; p =.027). Mean intensity of AU6 (+1.0; 95%CIs = 0.6–1.5; p <.001), AU12 (+0.5; 95%CIs = 0.1–0.9; p =.008) and AU25 (+22.3%; 95%CIs = 7.3%–37.3%; p =.005) were significantly higher in FJ group than the NZ group. Conclusion: Smiling features of Fijians and New Zealanders showed objective differences, the most distinctive being a higher activation of the Duchenne's marker (AU6) in the Fijian group, which is regarded as a sign of smile genuineness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: We hypothesized that an individual's personality traits would have an impact on the distress of subjective tinnitus. To investigate this, 32 participants were recruited; we followed up with this cohort. This study is a cross-sectional analysis of a part of this cohort, identifying how their personality traits make a difference in the severity of tinnitus distress. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two participants completed a personality test based on the Big Five theory, consisting of 160 items. Additionally, the severity of tinnitus was assessed using the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), and the accompanying level of depression was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Audiometry tests, including pure-tone audiometry, were also conducted. Participants were categorized into the 'mild group' if their total THI score was 36 or below, and into the 'severe group' if their score was 38 or above. Results: In the traditional five domains of the Big Five Inventory (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism), only the 'Neuroticism' domain showed a difference between the two groups (25.1 ± 21.0 in the mild group and 43.1 ± 18.2 in the severe group, p = 0.014). Among ego-related factors, the 'Helplessness' domain (26.3 ± 22.9 in the mild group and 62.3 ± 27.9 in the severe group, p < 0.001) and the communication-related factor of 'Listening' (58.7 ± 18.8 in the mild group and 37.8 ± 27.9 in the severe group, p = 0.020) showed differences between the two groups. In the multivariate analysis, 'Helplessness' (estimate 0.419, 95% confidence interval 0.249–0.589, p < 0.001), 'Emotional Trauma' (0.213, 0.020–0.406, p = 0.032), and 'Pure-tone threshold at 2000 Hz' (0.944, 0.477–1.411, p < 0.001) were identified as factors influencing the severity of tinnitus distress. Conclusions: Ego-related factors, particularly Helplessness and Emotional Trauma, can influence tinnitus distress and should be considered in the management of tinnitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Balikesir Health Sciences Journal / Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Balikesir Health Sciences Journal (BAUN Health Sci J) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The classification of personality disorder (PD) is undergoing a paradigm shift in which categorically defined specific PDs are being replaced by dimensionally defined maladaptive trait domains. To bridge the classificatory approaches, this study attempts to use items from the categorical PD model in DSM‐IV to measure the maladaptive trait domains described in DSM‐5 Section III/ICD‐11. A general population sample comprising 1228 participants completed the Screening Questionnaire of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Axis II (SCID‐II‐SQ), the Personality Inventory for DSM‐5 (PID‐5), and the anankastia scale of the Personality Inventory for ICD‐11 (PiCD). Using item response theory models and a psychometric linking technique, SCID‐II‐SQ items were evaluated for their contribution to measuring maladaptive trait domains. The best discriminating items were then selected to derive proxy scales. We found that convergent validity of these proxy scales was in a similar range to that of other self‐report measures for PD, except for the proxy scale for PiCD anankastia. However, only the proxy scale for negative affectivity showed acceptable reliability that would allow its application in research settings. Future studies should seek to establish a common metric between specific PDs and maladaptive trait domains using self‐report measures with higher specificity or semi‐structured interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The relationship between lifestyle and migraine is complex, as it remains uncertain which specific lifestyle factors play the most prominent role in the development of migraine, or which modifiable metabolic traits serve as mediators in establishing causality. Methods: Independent genetic variants strongly associated with 20 lifestyle factors were selected as instrumental variables from corresponding genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Summary-level data for migraine were obtained from the FinnGen consortium (18,477 cases and 287,837 controls) as a discovery set and the GWAS meta-analysis data (26,052 cases and 487,214 controls) as a replication set. Estimates derived from the two datasets were combined using fixed-effects meta-analysis. Two-step univariable MR (UVMR) and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) analyses were conducted to evaluate 19 potential mediators of association and determine the proportions of these mediators. Results: The combined effect of inverse variance weighted revealed that a one standard deviation (SD) increase in genetically predicted Leisure screen time (LST) was associated with a 27.7% increase (95% CI: 1.14–1.44) in migraine risk, while Moderate or/and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was associated with a 26.9% decrease (95% CI: 0.61–0.87) in migraine risk. The results of the mediation analysis indicated that out of the 19 modifiable metabolic risk factors examined, hypertension explains 24.81% of the relationship between LST and the risk of experiencing migraine. Furthermore, hypertension and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) partially weaken the association between MVPA and migraines, mediating 4.86% and 4.66% respectively. Conclusion: Our research findings indicated that both LST and MVPA in lifestyle have independent causal effects on migraine. Additionally, we have identified that hypertension and DBP play a mediating role in the causal pathway between these two factors and migraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance of Recruitment and Selection Process for the Organization to Attract & Retain Talent Personality testing, cognitive ability assessments and emotional intelligence tests are all tools that organizations began incorporating into recruitment frameworks to improve the predictability of hiring scenarios. However, this study would help the use of psychological assessment methods in recruitment and selection process to make such techniques economically viable with respect to predicting employee performance, preventing early turnover rate among recruited employees in Maharashtra state. It examines the manner in which these tools are used within multiple industries of Maharashtra and reviews their accuracy, efficacy as well as limitations. The information was collected using interviews with HR professionals and surveys distributed among the candidates who attempted for psychological assessment. What the research shows, when practiced scientifically, the psychological assessments can significantly improve your ability to select candidates who will do well in a role also be cultural fit. The study also focus to contribute in effective training HR employees to use these psychological assessments effectively. The study concludes that while psychological measures have significant potential to enhance hiring outcomes, their effectiveness requires appropriate selection of the psychological assessments used along with standardization and on-going validation efforts. For Maharashtra based enterprises, they should be devising-Role & Industry Specific engagement Assessment Strategies Customized and Training HR professionals on Psychological Assessments relevant to their functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality testing is a critical component of organizational assessment and selection processes. Despite nearly a century of research recognizing faking as a concern in personality assessment, the impact of order effects on faking has not been thoroughly examined. This study investigates whether the sequence of administering personality and cognitive ability measures affects the extent of faking. Previous research suggests administering personality measures early in the assessment process to mitigate adverse impact; however, models of faking behavior and signaling theory imply that test order could influence faking. In two simulated applicant laboratory studies (Study 1 N = 172, Study 2 N = 174), participants were randomly assigned to complete personality measures either before or after cognitive ability tests. Results indicate that participants who completed personality assessments first exhibited significantly higher levels of faking compared to those who took cognitive ability tests first. These findings suggest that the order of test administration influences faking, potentially due to the expenditure of cognitive resources during cognitive ability assessments. To enhance the integrity of selection procedures, administrators should consider the sequence of test administration to mitigate faking and improve the accuracy of personality assessments. This study also underscores the need for continued exploration of contextual factors influencing faking behavior. Future research should investigate the mechanisms driving these order effects and develop strategies to reduce faking in personality assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lengthy instruments for assessing personality traits may not be applicable in certain research settings. In situations where time is scarce, a briefer measurement is preferable. However, the reliability of a briefer measurement of the Big Five Inventory (BFI) among firefighters in Malaysia has not been reported. This study aimed to investigate the reliability and model fit of the Malay version of the BFI with 13 items (BFI-13) and 10 items (BFI-10) among Malaysian firefighters. Methods: A cross-sectional study using cluster sampling was conducted in a state in Malaysia. Each respondent completed BFI-10 and BFI-13 using an online survey with a 1-month interval between each response. Reliability testing was evaluated using internal consistency and a 2-week interval test-retest. The model fit of these two BFI questionnaires was evaluated via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: A total of 124 firefighters participated in the study, with a zero-dropout rate. The Malay version of BFI-13 exhibited higher reliability by displaying good internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha of 0.919, 0.838, 0.871 and 0.896 for the domains conscientiousness, neuroticism, agreeableness and extraversion, respectively, and acceptable test-retest reliability with moderate to good intraclass correlation (0.588--0.806). The CFA model also indicated that BFI-13 has a better model fit (comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.993; Tucker-Lewis index [TLI] = 0.991; standardised root mean squared residual [SRMR] = 0.029; root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.035). Conclusion: The Malay version of BFI-13 is reliable and applicable enough to be supplementarily used in surveys among Malaysian firefighters. By using a brief personality assessment, it will reduce the cognitive and emotional burden on respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applied techniques and some results of studies the higher nervous activity (HNA) of the people, their psychophysiological functions (PFF) by Ukrainian scientists and doctors were described, as well as influences of extreme conditions on HNA. Purpose. To show the results of the influence of extreme mountain conditions at high altitudes (hypoxia, etc.) demonstration and further research of changes in the psychophysiological functions of the brain under these conditions; description of the developed professional selection methods. Methods. Comparative analysis of a large number of the data from experiments and observations. Physical, mathematical, and program modeling. Methods of HNA, brain research: electroencephalography, diagnosis of personal neurodynamic features, etc. Three methods of PFF research: parameters of the neurodynamic level, parameters of the neuropsychological level, and personal specifics. The adapted questionnaire scheme (QS) based on Cattell's 16-factor personality tests was applied. Results. The influence of hypoxia and other factors of mountain conditions on HNA was studied deeply. The results were presented. Also, results of registered changes of EEG were presented in such extreme conditions. The influence of a number of stress factors in extreme conditions (hypoxia, etc.) has been demonstrated. Some basic methods of HNA research used in such conditions were described, and the results of investigations of individual typological features of the nervous systems were presented. Methods for studying human psychophysiological functions were described. Studies of human personal characteristics were described in detail. Data recorded by the PNN-3 device were taken for the diagnosis of personal neurodynamic features. The parameters of the neuropsychological level were determined using the following methods: "triangles" (the level of development of shortterm visual memory), "instrument scales" (working memory, attention functions, etc.), and "red and black tables" (allocation and switching of attention). Cattell estimated personality structures, features, and types of behavior of operators in stressful situations based on adapted QS. Mathematical models of the reliability of human nervous system functioning under extreme conditions were developed. Conclusions. The obtained results were taken as the basis for the developed professional selection methods for special contingents, pilots, operators, etc. Physical, mathematical, and program models of the reliability of the human nervous system functioning in these conditions were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standardized personality tests compare the test taker's scores to those of a large sample of individuals representing normative expectations. However, what is psychologically normal in one historical context may not be similarly normal in another, so the recent spread of a new coronavirus, SARS-Cov-2 (COVID-19), may have implications for what should normally be expected of a nonclinical person taking a personality test shortly after this dramatic event. To address this research question, we administered the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) and the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS) to 60 nonclinical volunteers from Italy and compared their scores with the official normative reference values of the two tests, which had been established before COVID-19. The results of a series of two-sample t-tests indicated that our newly collected sample appeared somewhat less psychologically healthy compared with normative expectations, and these discrepancies were more pronounced on the PAI than on the R-PAS. Implications and future perspectives are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What can employers learn from personality tests when applicants have incentives to misrepresent themselves? Using a within‐subject, laboratory experiment, we compare personality measures with and without incentives for misrepresentation. Incentivized personality measures are weakly to moderately correlated with non‐incentivized measures in all treatments. When test‐takers are given a job ad indicating that an extrovert (introvert) is desired, extroversion measures are positively (negatively) correlated with IQ. Among other characteristics, only locus of control appears related to faking on personality measures. Our findings highlight the identification challenges in measuring personality and the potential for correlations between incentivized personality measures and other traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years taking selfies and posting them on social media has become a social, cultural phenomenon globally. But this behaviour can be detrimental to a person's mental health, if they are regularly indulging in it. In this study we estimated the prevalence of selfitis and investigated its relationship with self-esteem, appearance anxiety and narcissistic personality trait among 403 students of a medical college in south India, using a cross-sectional study design. Standardised tools such as Selfitis Behaviour Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Appearance Anxiety Inventory and Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16 were used to collect data and Pearson's correlation coefficient was utilised to investigate relationship between the study variables. The prevalence of selfitis was found to be 68.4%, with 51.1% having borderline, 16.13% acute, 1.24% chronic-selfitis. A mild positive correlation was found between selfitis and appearance anxiety (r = 0.376). This could be due to the need to seek approval and reassurance about their appearance through increased engagement with selfie-taking behaviour. Also, since the majority of students had features of selfitis (borderline, acute and chronic), they would be spending a large part of each day taking selfies and uploading them on social media. This could interfere with their academic performance and also impede social interactions. We recommend that adolescents need to be educated about the consequences of indulging in excessive selfie-taking behaviour and its negative impact on their perceived self-image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not there are notable differences between male and female vocational training students in terms of academic, behavioral, and psychophysiological characteristics. Methods: A total of 411 vocational training students, 210 of whom were male and 201 of whom were female, participated in an online survey that assessed academic, behavioral, and psychophysiological patterns. Results: In terms of extraversion and openness to experience, our research revealed that no statistically significant differences were noticed. When it came to agreeableness, however, significant differences were seen, with female students getting higher marks than male students. Furthermore, we found that there were significant gender differences in terms of neuroticism and conscientiousness, with female students achieving higher scores than male students. When compared to their male counterparts, females displayed higher performance in terms of academic success. They also demonstrated superior values in terms of reported stress, anxiety, and cognitive inflexibility. Conclusions: The findings of this study provide a more in-depth understanding of the numerous factors that have an impact on students engaging in vocational training. This will serve as a foundation for the development of individualized instructional and support programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permanent supportive housing (PSH) is the main approach advocated in Western countries for eradicating homelessness. Considering that PSH residents are not a homogeneous group and that their quality of life (QoL) and community integration (CI) might differ in this setting, improving our understanding of these residents' profiles may help stakeholders formulate informed recommendations to improve PSH. This study identified PSH resident profiles based on their QoL, CI, and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and associated these profiles with housing features and service use. A total of 308 PSH residents were recruited in Montreal (Canada) in 2020–2022. Structured interviews were conducted. PSH resident profiles were produced with cluster analysis and subsequently compared using chi‐square, Fisher's, and t‐tests, taking into account housing features and service use. Three PSH resident profiles were found. Profile 1 residents (22% of the sample) had low QoL and CI, were younger, and had major social and health issues and unmet needs. Showing moderate QoL and CI, Profile 2 residents (27%) were more educated, had little foster care history, were older on their first homelessness episode, and had few co‐occurring MD‐SUD. Profile 3 residents (51%) had the best QoL and CI and mostly included men with little education, affected by co‐occurring MD‐SUD and satisfied with services. More intensive housing support and care coordination may be recommended for Profile 1 PSH residents in response to their diverse needs. Work integration may be beneficial to Profile 2 residents, with programs such as Individual Placement and Support, along with increased rehabilitation activities. A better integration of MD‐SUD treatments may be promoted for Profile 3 residents. Considering most PSH residents had multiple health issues and unmet needs, satisfaction with care could be monitored better, as it was found to be a key variable in measuring care adequation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated how the number of response options affects the psychometric properties of the Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2). Using two large samples collected from a market research company (N s = 893 and 1,213), we tested how different response options of the BFI-2 influenced scale score distributions, internal consistency estimates, convergent validity correlations, and criterion validity correlations. Results suggest that score distributions were impacted by the number of response options such that ceiling and floor effects were more common when using two or three response options than when using more options. Estimates of Cronbach's alpha were generally lower with fewer scale points as compared with more scale points, but these effects disappeared when ordinal alpha was used. There were no systematic effects of response options on convergent validity and criterion validity correlations. Given these results, there seems to be few psychometric reasons for deciding whether to administer personality items with five, six, or seven scale points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]