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Background: Fasting levels of glucagon are known to be elevated in youth and adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Children and adolescents with obesity were previously reported to show increasing fasting and post-glucose-challenge hyperglucagonemia across the spectrum of glucose tolerance, while no data are available in those with impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Materials and methods: Individuals from the Beta-JUDO study population (Uppsala and Salzburg 2010-2016) (n=101, age 13.3 ± 2.8, m/f=50/51) were included (90 with overweight or obesity, 11 with normal weight). Standardized OGTT were performed and plasma glucose, glucagon and insulin concentrations assessed at baseline, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. Patients were grouped according to their glycemic state in six groups with normal glucose metabolism (NGM) and normal weight (NG-NW), NGM with obesity or overweight (NG-O), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), IGT+IFG and T2D, and in two groups with NGM and impaired glucose metabolism (IGM), for statistical analysis. Results and conclusion: Glucagon concentrations were elevated in young normoglycemic individuals with overweight or obesity (NG-O) compared to normoglycemic individuals with normal weight. Glucagon levels, fasting and dynamic, increased with progressing glycemic deterioration, except in IFG, where levels were comparable to those in NG-O. All glycemic groups showed an overall suppression of glucagon during OGTT. An initial increase of glucagon could be observed in T2D. In T2D, glucagon showed a strong direct linear correlation with plasma glucose levels during OGTT. Glucagon in adolescents, as in adults, may play a role in the disease progression of T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the roles and responsibilities of nursing assistant professions in Austria, specifically detailing the tasks delegated to them within the healthcare framework. Topics include the scope of nursing assistant professions, encompassing activities in the nursing process such as assessment, observation, and execution of nursing measures. It also covers their involvement in medical diagnostics and therapy under delegation.

The Journal for Medical and Health Law (JMG) presents interesting articles on the topic of health and medical law in its second issue of the year. One focus is on the decision of the Supreme Court regarding "wrongful birth" and "wrongful conception". Other articles address topics such as the recognition of foreign degrees in the healthcare sector, the recruitment of nursing staff from third countries, and the assumption of costs by the Austrian Integration Fund. In addition, the journal offers contributions on various legal aspects in the medical field. One article deals with the health function of forests. [Extracted from the article]

In the editorial of the Journal for Medical and Health Law (JMG), reference is made to the upcoming regional, national, and European elections, which also have implications for the healthcare system. It is mentioned that the Austrian healthcare reform still requires many steps. Two articles in this issue address changes in pharmacy law and the benefits of the new electronic parent-child pass. Another article deals with the Supreme Court's case law on claims for damages in cases of unintended pregnancy despite the use of a spiral contraceptive. It also highlights the legal entitlement to an advance healthcare directive and other less dramatic topics in health law. [Extracted from the article]