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Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common acute infectious disease among elderly people, and is associated with high rates of hospital admission and mortality. Old Age and male sex are known risk factors for CAP among adults and many comorbidity are also risk factors for CAP, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes, cancer, dementia, congestive heart failure, and liver function failure. Objective: This study aimed to estimate the economic burden of community- acquired pneumonia (CAP) among elderly patients in Berhampur, Odisha. In addition, the study evaluated the relationship between total treatment cost and CAP risk factors. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the IPD of MKCG MKCG Medical College of Berhampur in the period of September-November 2023. Purposive sampling was used and data was collected using semi structured questionnaire and analyzed by MS Excel 2017 Results: Among 348 are inpatient CAP episodes the mean ages were 63±8 years in outpatient group and 70±4 yrs in inpatient groups respectively. The Median treatment cost is Rs.3000/-INR per outpatient episode and Rs 10060/-INR per inpatient episode.Old patient, Male sex, Diabetes, Chronic obstructive Pulmonary Disease, liver dysfunction were associated with increased treatment cost. Conclusion: The economic burden of CAP might be decreased by reducing the number of hospitalizations for mild CAP and the incidence of severe CAP. Therefore, preventative care (e.g. oral hygiene or pneumococcus vaccination) is recommended for patients with related risk factors, such as male sex, older age, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

In this retrospective observational study, we have performed a comparative analysis of the demographic, clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the HCWs affected with SARS-CoV-2 infection during first two waves in India. The overall prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCWs was found to be 15.24% (14.20–16.33) and 23.38% (22.14–25.65) during first and second waves respectively. The second wave showed an adjusted odds ratio of 0.04(0.02–0.07) and 2.09(1.49–2.93) for hospitalization and being symptomatic, respectively. We detected significantly higher level of C-reactive protein (CRP) among admitted HCWs during the second wave (5.10 –14.60 mg/dl) as compared to the first wave (2.00 – 2.80 mg/dl). Our study found the relative risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection among HCWs during the second wave to be 0.68 [0.57–0.82, p < 0.001)]. Although, the prevalence of SARS CoV-2 infection and risk of being symptomatic was higher during second wave, the risk of hospitalization was less when compared with the first wave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]