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Objectives: Gross description of gastro-intestinal malignancy is facilitated by endoscopy of the upper and lower gastro-intestinal tract and also provides tissue for definitive diagnosis. Currently, direct vision endoscopic forceps biopsy & FNAC are two standard techniques used to establish a preoperative diagnosis in gastro-intestinal malignancies. The objective of our study is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic findings when combined with fine needle aspiration and endoscopic biopsy in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal malignancies. So, we compare both techniques (endoscopic forceps biopsy & endoscopic FNAC) to each other and how accurately both techniques are diagnosing the lesion in combination with each other. Material and Method: In our study, 40 cases of suspected gastro-intestinal malignancies underwent endoscopic biopsy & FNAC in a period of one and half years. Result: Out of 40 cases, total malignant lesions were accounting for 32 cases. 27 cases were diagnosed as malignant by biopsy. FNAC showed positive results in 28 cases. The FNAC was found to be 81.82% Sensitive and 85.71% Specific & an accuracy of 82.5%. Biopsy had Sensitivity 81.82% Specificity 100% & Accuracy 85%. The Combined accuracy of both endoscopic FNAC and biopsy was 93.93%. Conclusion: The advent of endoscopic biopsy & FNAC have facilitated the detection & diagnosis of gastrointestinal malignancies. Biopsy though is considered to be diagnostic, Fine Needle Aspiration along with Biopsy can help in the detection of additional cases of malignancy. Thus, both procedures applied together can detect more malignant cases & can establish a more definitive diagnosis. Keywords: Endoscopy, FNAC, Biopsy, Gastrointestinal Malignancies

Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) typically involves pairwise comparisons to establish the relative importance of criteria and alternatives. This study can verify these comparisons through consistency checks to ensure that respondents provide reliable and consistent judgments. The proposed model is implemented to evaluate the optimum route alignment between two locations, for the outer area of Allahabad City, India. The optimal route obtained is the path with minimum cost in the alignment decision and it meets all the factors related to environmental, technical, social, and economic criteria. Four alternative route alignments arise. Based on multi-criteria evaluation, four alignments are compared and one of the optimal route alignments is selected. A multi-criteria evaluation is performed to compare the four routes’ alignment using AHP and surface cost analysis. The technical route alignment with the highest priority index of 0.297956 with a minimum cost of 4,619 units is finally considered as optimum route alignment.

Pharmacophores such as hydroxyethylamine (HEA) and phthalimide (PHT) have been identified as potential synthons for the development of compounds against various parasitic infections. In order to further advance our progress, we conducted an experiment utilising a collection of PHT and HEA derivatives through phenotypic screening against a diverse set of protist parasites. This approach led to the identification of a number of compounds that exhibited significant effects on the survival of Entamoeba histolytica, Trypanosoma brucei, and multiple life-cycle stages of Leishmania spp. The Leishmania hits were pursued due to the pressing necessity to expand our repertoire of reliable, cost-effective, and efficient medications for the treatment of leishmaniases. Antileishmanials must possess the essential capability to efficiently penetrate the host cells and their compartments in the disease context, to effectively eliminate the intracellular parasite. Hence, we performed a study to assess the effectiveness of eradicating L. infantum intracellular amastigotes in a model of macrophage infection. Among eleven L. infantum growth inhibitors with low-micromolar potency, PHT-39, which carries a trifluoromethyl substitution, demonstrated the highest efficacy in the intramacrophage assay, with an EC50 of 1.2 +/- 3.2 μM. Cytotoxicity testing of PHT-39 in HepG2 cells indicated a promising selectivity of over 90-fold. A chemogenomic profiling approach was conducted using an orthology-based method to elucidate the mode of action of PHT-39. This genome-wide RNA interference library of T. brucei identified sensitivity determinants for PHT-39, which included a P-type ATPase that is crucial for the uptake of miltefosine and amphotericin, strongly indicating a shared route for cellular entry. Notwithstanding the favourable properties and demonstrated efficacy in the Plasmodium berghei infection model, PHT-39 was unable to eradicate L. major infection in a murine infection model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Currently, PHT-39 is undergoing derivatization to optimize its pharmacological characteristics.