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Purpose: To estimate the vitreous cavity replacement volume after pars plana vitrectomy and analyze its correlation with axial length and refractive error., Methods: Observational cross-sectional study on 103 eyes undergoing vitrectomy. Fluid-air exchange was performed using a soft-tip cannula connected to a PVC tubing, the distal end of which opened into a 10-cc syringe without the plunger. The collected fluid was measured (and correction factors applied) to estimate the vitreous cavity volume., Results: The mean axial length of 103 eyes was 23.43 ± 1.54 mm. The mean vitreous cavity volume was 4.46 ± 0.83 mL (2.8-8.1 mL). There was a strong positive correlation between axial length and vitreous volume, which was stronger for pseudophakic and aphakic groups than for phakic groups., Conclusion: Accurate assessment of vitreous cavity volume can enable precise quantification of tamponade, intravitreal drugs, and intravitreal chemotherapeutic agents. This will allow better surgical outcomes, decreased toxicity, and increased cost-effectiveness due to lesser wastage., Objective: To estimate the vitreous cavity replacement volume after pars plana vitrectomy and analyze its correlation with axial length and refractive error., (Copyright © 2024 Copyright: © 2024 Indian Journal of Ophthalmology.)

Intraocular tumors constitute a small subset of cases in ophthalmologic practice. Proper diagnosis of intraocular tumors is crucial because some pose threat to vision and life, while others may indicate underlying systemic disorders. Intraocular tumors comprise benign and malignant lesions affecting the retina, choroid, optic disc, iris, and ciliary body. Retinal tumors can be classified as vascular, neural, glial, and retinal pigment epithelial tumors. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a noninvasive imaging modality employed in diagnosis and management of retinal and choroidal vascular diseases, and has enhanced our knowledge in better understanding of the vascular physiology and pathology. Multiple case reports and small series evaluating the role of OCTA in retinal tumors are published in literature. OCTA helps in better understanding of the vascularity of intraocular tumors. In addition to this, OCTA has its role in clinical practice. It helps in identification of small retinal capillary hemangioblastoma (RCH), assessment of treatment response, and identification of tumor recurrence in RCH. It aids in identification of retinal astrocytic hamartoma missed on clinical examination and differentiating retinal astrocytic hamartoma and presumed solitary circumscribed retinal astrocytic proliferation. It helps in assessment of risk of tumor recurrence in retinoblastoma. It helps in differentiating tumors of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) origin from pigmented tumors of the choroid. It also helps in detection of choroidal neovascular membrane in combined hamartoma of the retina and RPE., (Copyright © 2024 Copyright: © 2024 Indian Journal of Ophthalmology.)

Being sessile, plants encounter various biotic and abiotic threats in their life cycle. To minimize the damages caused by such threats, plants have acquired sophisticated response mechanisms. One major such response includes memorizing the encountered stimuli in the form of a metabolite, hormone, protein, or epigenetic marks. All of these individually as well as together, facilitate effective transcriptional and post-transcriptional responses upon encountering the stress episode for a second time during the life cycle and in some instances even in the future generations. This review attempts to highlight the recent advances in the area of plant memory. A detailed understanding of plant memory has the potential to offer solutions for developing climate-resilient crops for sustainable agriculture., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest No conflict of interest declared., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Recently, post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA mediated by N 6 -methyladenosine (m 6 A) has been found to have profound effects on transcriptome regulation during plant responses to various abiotic stresses. However, whether this RNA modification can affect an oxidative stress response in plants has not been studied. To assess the role of m 6 A modifications during copper-induced oxidative stress responses, m 6 A-IP-seq was performed in Arabidopsis seedlings exposed to high levels of copper sulfate. This analysis revealed large-scale shifts in this modification on the transcripts most relevant for oxidative stress. This altered epitranscriptomic mark is known to influence transcript abundance and translation; therefore we scrutinized these possibilities. We found an increased abundance of copper-enriched m 6 A-containing transcripts. Similarly, we also found increased ribosome occupancy of copper-enriched m 6 A-containing transcripts, specifically those encoding proteins involved with stress responses relevant to oxidative stressors. Furthermore, the significance of the m 6 A epitranscriptome on plant oxidative stress tolerance was uncovered by assessing germination and seedling development of the mta (N 6 -methyladenosine RNA methyltransferase A mutant complemented with ABI3 : MTA ) mutant exposed to high copper treatment. These analyses suggested hypersensitivity of the mta mutant compared to the wild-type plants in response to copper-induced oxidative stress. Overall, our findings suggest an important role for m 6 A in the oxidative stress response of Arabidopsis.

CRISPR/Cas9 system is one of the most often utilized engineering tools for genome editing in many organisms including crop plants and presents great value in both basic and applied research. This is a preferred method because of its relative simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and reliability. The Cas9 nuclease guided by a short single guide RNA (gRNA) can generate double-strand DNA breaks (DSB) at the specific sites in chromosomal DNA. The DSB site is repaired by error-prone repair methods. During repair, some nucleotides are deleted or added at the target site. Here, we present a simplified protocol for generating mutants in gene of interest in rice using CRISPR/Cas9., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Recent advancements in detection and mapping methods have enabled researchers to uncover the biological importance of RNA chemical modifications, which play a vital role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Although numerous types of RNA modifications have been identified in higher eukaryotes, only a few have been extensively studied for their biological functions. Of these, N 6 -methyladenosine (m 6 A) is the most prevalent and important mRNA modification that influences various aspects of RNA metabolism, including mRNA stability, degradation, splicing, alternative polyadenylation, export, and localization, as well as translation. Thus, they have implications for a variety of biological processes, including growth, development, and stress responses. The m 6 A deposition or removal on transcripts is dynamic and is altered in response to internal and external cues. Because this mark can alter gene expression under stress conditions, it is essential to identify the transcripts that can acquire or lose this epitranscriptomic mark upon exposure to stress conditions. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for identifying stress-responsive transcriptome-wide m 6 A changes using RNA immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (MeRIP-seq)., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)