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Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is considered a promising alternative to microcrystalline cellulose, as well as an ingredient in low-calorie dietary products. However, the risks of BNC when consumed with food are not well characterized. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of BNC on immune function, the intestinal microbiome, intestinal barrier integrity, and allergic sensitization in subacute experiments on rats. Male Wistar rats received BNC with a diet for eight weeks in a dose range of 1-100 mg/kg of body weight. The measurements of serum levels of cytokines, adipokines, iFABP2, indicators of cellular immunity, composition of the intestinal microbiome, and a histological study of the ileal mucosa were performed. In a separate four-week experiment on a model of systemic anaphylaxis to food antigen, BNC at a dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight did not increase the severity of the reaction or change the response of IgG antibodies. Based on dose-response effects on immune function, the non-observed adverse effect level for BNC was less than 100 mg/kg of body weight per day. The effects of BNC on the gut microbiome and the intestinal mucosal barrier were not dose-dependent. Data on the possible presence of prebiotic effects in BNC have been obtained.

The development of innovative ingredients of specialized formula for children with intolerance to cow's milk proteins requires accounting the influence of the protein component on the allergic sensitivity. The aim of the research was to study the effect of lactoferrin (LF) from cow colostrum, cow's milk protein hydrolysate (CMPH) and mare's milk protein hydrolysate (MMPH) on the severity of the systemic anaphylaxis reaction, the levels of specific IgG antibodies and cytokines in rats parenterally sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA). Material and methods . The experiment was carried out on 4 groups of 26 male Wistar rats, which were sensitized intraperitoneally with chicken egg OVA and a systemic anaphylaxis reaction was induced on the day 29 by intravenous administration of a challenge dose of the antigen (6 mg per kg body weight). LF, CMPH and MMPH were introduced into the diet in doses of 1.4-2 g/kg body weight per day (on an average 1.59±0.04, 1.53±0.05 and 1.48±0.05 g per kg body weight respectively). The content of IgG antibodies in the blood serum was determined by an indirect ELISA; the levels of cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12(p70), IL-13, GM-CSF, IFN-γ and TNF-α were detected by multiplex immunoassay. Results . Dietary LF did not have a significant effect on the severity of active anaphylactic shock (AAS), concentrations of antibodies and cytokines in the blood of animals. As a result of CMPH consumption, there were no significant changes in AAS severity and IgG antibodies to OVA but significant increase in TNF-α level was observed as well as a significant decrease in IL-1α (p<0.05). In animals receiving MMPH, there were also no significant changes in the severity of AAS, but a 1.9-fold decrease in the level of IgG antibodies to OVA (p<0.001) was noticed along with a significant increase in IL-12(p70) (p<0.05) and IL-10 (p<0.10) level. Conclusion . Cosumption of LF by sensitized rats didn't significantly affect their anaphylactic sensitivity and cytokine profile, while CMPH intake induced some signs of pro-inflammatory processes. Consumption of MMPH was accompanied by the formation of an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile, which corresponds to a decrease in the intensity of the humoral immune response to the model allergen. Differences in the effects of two hydrolisates, which have similar degrees of hydrolysis, may be associated with the specific composition of glycopeptides formed during the enzymatic cleavage of milk protein produced by these two species of dairy animals., Competing Interests: Authors declare no conflict of interests., (Copyright© GEOTAR-Media Publishing Group.)

A priority in the prevention and correction of immune disorders in athletes is the use of products with high nutrient density, fortified with various nutrients or bioactive compounds, as well as probiotic microorganisms. Probiotics help to maintain the gut microbiota, which is actively involved in the absorption of substances and energy and increases the host immune resistance. Dietary fiber, resistant to digestion in the small intestine, is fully or partially fermented in the large intestine and acts as an essential substrate for the growth and regulation of metabolic activity of normal flora, improves peristalsis and digestion. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of a multi-strain probiotic in combination with dietary fiber on the immune status of basketball athletes during the training period. Material and methods . The study was conducted with the participation of 30 male basketball athletes aged 18 to 24 years. The athletes were randomly divided into 2 groups of 15 people. Athletes in the main group received 1 capsule of multi-strain probiotic (≥1.25×1010 CFU of 10 probiotic strains of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli) and 40 g of corn bran (as a source of dietary fiber) for 23 days. Athletes in the control group received 1 placebo capsule containing maltodextrin and breadcrumbs (40 g/day). Subpopulations of peripheral blood lymphocytes were studied by flow cytometry: T lymphocytes, T helper cells, T cytotoxic lymphocytes, NK cells, NKT cells, B lymphocytes, as well as lymphocytes carrying activation markers and apoptosis marker antigen. The content of cytokines in blood serum [FGF, Eotaxin, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1ra, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12(p70), IL-13, IL-15, IL-17A, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, PDGF-BB, RANTES, TNF-α, VEGF] was determined using a multiplex immunoassay. Results . Calculation of the absolute number of lymphocytes revealed a tendency (0.05