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This study was undertaken to explore the content and the chemical constituents of the essential oils (EOs) and methanol leaf extracts (MLEs) from Corymbia citriodora, Cupressus macrocarpa, and Syzygium cumini. Chromatographic analyses of GC–MS and HPLC were used. The EOs and MLEs were prepared at concentrations of 0, 6, 12, 25, and 50 mg/L, while the extract was prepared at concentrations of 0, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg/L. Sapwood blocks of Pinus sylvestris in the dimension of 0.5 × 2 × 2 cm were prepared and autoclaved at 121 °C, and each wood block received 100 µL of the prepared concentrations from the EOs and MEs. The bioactivities of wood-treated EOs or MEs were measured against the growth of Fusarium solani MW947256. By GC–MS, the main compounds in the EOs from C. citriodora were citronellal, citronellol, p-cymene, spathulenol, and isopulegol with values of 23.95, 9.80, 9.32, 9.29, and 5.38%, respectively, in Cup. macrocarpa leaves were sabinene (11.94%), 4-terpinenol (11.34%), citronellol (9.59%), citronellal (9.85%), p-cymene (7.67%), spathulenol (5.24%), γ-terpinene (5.05%), camphor (4.31%), and limonene (3.2%), and in S. cumini leaves were trans-β-ocimene (19.11%), α-pinene (18.79%), caryophyllene (9.30%), (Z)-β-ocimene (8.16%), and limonene (6%). By HPLC, the most abundant phenolic compounds in the methanol extract from C. citriodora benzoic acid (8.11 μg/g), and gallic acid (7.96 μg/g), from Cup. macrocarpa were syringic acid (7.59 μg/g), catechol (6.85 μg/g), and gallic acid (6.78 μg/g), and from S. cumini were cinnamic acid (10.66 μg/g), caffeic acid (9.87 μg/g), and ellagic acid (8.76 μg/g). The highest percentages of inhibition (65.71% and 35.71%) against the growth of F. solani were seen in the wood treated with Cup. macrocarpa EOs at 50 and 25 mg/L, respectively. The maximum level of inhibition was seen (92.85%) when S. cumini MLEs at a dose of 4000 mg/L was applied to wood samples, followed by Cup. macrocarpa MLEs (70.00%) compared to the positive control of azoxystrobin + difenoconazole (1000 mg/L), which caused 100% inhibition to F. solani. The findings indicated that bioactive chemicals present in the extracts and EOs from these trees have strong antifungal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PD-L1/PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) are mainstream agents for cancer immunotherapy, but the prognosis is unsatisfactory in solid tumor patients lacking preexisting T-cell reactivity. Adjunct therapy strategies including the intratumoral administration of immunostimulants aim to address this limitation. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), TLR9 agonists that can potentiate adaptive immunity, have been widely investigated to tackle PD-L1/PD-1 resistance, but clinical success has been hindered by inconsistent efficacy and immune-related toxicities caused by systemic exposure. Here, we utilized glatiramer acetate (GA), the FDA-approved, lysine-rich polypeptides to complex CpG into polycationic nanoparticles (R4B) and investigated the safety and antitumor efficacy of CpG ODNs in the murine CT26 colorectal carcinoma model. In a maximum tolerated dose study, repetitive R4B treatment displayed comparable antitumor efficacy to CpG alone treatment within a dose range from 15 µg to 150 µg while significantly attenuating systemic proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 release. A pharmacokinetic and biodistribution analysis confirmed that R4B localized and gradually released CpG around the lesions within 96 h while 'naked' CpG quickly diffused from the injection site. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis validated that R4B treatment activated prominent TLR9-driven immune system responses in both lesions and spleens. In a CT26 multiple tumor model, intratumoral administration of R4B generated systemic immune efficacy, evidenced by an abscopal effect on untreated tumors. Notably, R4B treatment accomplished these effects with mitigated systemic proinflammatory cytokines when compared with CpG alone. We further discovered that combining R4B with anti-PD-1 treatment led to the most pronounced effects on tumor growth and longest benefits to survival time. Our investigation into possible mechanisms underlying this phenomenon included increased recruitment of cytotoxic CD8 + T cells and natural killer (NK) cells to the tumor microenvironments and the reversal of PD-L1/PD-1 axis inhibition. In summary, these results warrant further investigation for safely improving clinical responses in CPI-resistant solid tumor patients with localized CpG ODN therapy., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: All institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals were followed. All rodent experiments, except the anti-mPD-L1 combination study, were conducted at the University of Kansas ACU, adhering to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, and holding accreditation from the AAALAC. These experiments followed a protocol (No. 168-04) approved by the KU IACUC committee. The anti-mPD-L1 combination study was conducted by Reaction Biology (Europe GmbH). This animal study has been approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Experimentation and was registered by the regional board Freiburg. Mice were handled according to the German animal welfare law and the GV-SOLAS guidelines. Health monitoring of the animal facility was done according to FELASA guidelines quarterly by examination of sentinel animals. Consent for publication: The authors affirm that there was no data from human research participants in this publication. Competing interests: The authors declare the following competing financial interest(s): Daniel Griffin is a consultant and has ownership interest in Kinimmune. Cory J. Berkland has ownership interests in Kinimmune. Other authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work presented in this paper., (© 2025. Controlled Release Society.)