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Introduction: Nanoceria is a well-known nanomaterial with various properties, including antioxidant, proangiogenic, and therapeutic effects. Despite its potential, there are still aspects that require further exploration, particularly its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities., Method: The global demand for novel anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drugs underscores the significance of understanding nanoceria in both contexts. In this study, we evaluated the effect of nanoceria on macrophage polarization to better understand its anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, we investigated the mechanism of action of nanoceria against Cryptococcus neoformans (ATCC 32045), Candida parapsilosis (ATCC 22019), Candida krusei (ATCC 6258), and Candida albicans., Result: The results demonstrated that nanoceria can polarize macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory profile, revealing the cellular mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory response. Concerning the antimicrobial effect, it was observed that nanoceria have a more pronounced impact on Candida parapsilosis, leading to the formation of pronounced pores on the surface of this species., Conclusion: Finally, biochemical analysis revealed transitory alterations, mainly in liver enzymes. The data support the use of nanoceria as a potential anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drug and elucidate some of the mechanisms involved, shedding light on the properties of this nanodrug., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)