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Particulate matter especially PM2.5 has always been a prime concern for human health. An Integrated Exposure–Response (IER) function and Value of Statistical Life (VSL) approach is used in the present study, for Delhi, India, to monitor the association between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration and premature mortality for the five diseases: ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke (STR), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung neoplasms (LNC), and lower respiratory infections (LRI) and economic loss occurring due to them. It was found in the study that IHD (64%) has the highest risk, followed by stroke (19%), COPD (10%), LRI (4%), and LNC (3%). Significant economic loss for these diseases during the study period (on average annually) was found to be: IHD [20160.15, 95% CI:16,432.88—24,290.06], STR [6088.12, 95% CI: 4583.80- 7963.50], COPD [3176.32, 95% CI:2246.27—3818.32], LNC [881.13, 95% CI: 696.37 – 1087.61], LRI [1170.48, 95% CI:852.44—1542.76] million USD. Scenario modeling was done as part of this investigation to see if Delhi meeting India's National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) threshold (40 µg/m3) would lower premature deaths and provide economic benefits. Premature mortality has decreased for the following conditions: LRI (51.81%), LNC (47.76%), COPD (47.48%), STR (22.08%), and IHD (20.53%). Further, premature mortality can be potentially reduced, on average, by 95.66% for LRI, 90% for LNC, 88.75% for COPD, 85.40% for STR, and 62.19% for IHD for the study duration if 2005 World Health Organization (WHO) PM2.5 exposure limit (10 µg/m3) were reached. Similarly, economic benefits of 7987.39 [95% CI: 6219.57 – 9812.56] and 22,461.14 [95% CI: 17,585.92 – 27,707.95] million USD could have been reaped by maintaining NAAQS and WHO (2005 guidelines) prescribed limits. The estimated reduction in premature mortality and associated economic benefits due to decreased PM2.5 exposure calls for mitigation measures on an urgent basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the Gate Overlap on Drain with Hetero Gate Dielectric TFET (GDHD-TFET), a novel tunnel FET structure aimed at addressing the low ON current and ambipolar leakage observed in traditional TFETs. By investigating the combined effects of hetero gate dielectric and gate-drain overlapping, the GDHD-TFET offers a significant improvement in design compared with conventional TFET design. Unlike traditional approaches that focus solely on regulating the tunnel barrier widths at the channel-source junction, the GDHD-TFET simultaneously improves the tunnel barrier widths at both channel-source and channel-drain junctions. As a result, the GDHD-TFET achieves remarkable improvements in ON current and ambipolar conduction, surpassing traditional TFET performance by factors of 10² and 104, respectively. Furthermore, it maintains low subthreshold swing (SS) of 29.3 mV/dec indicating its potential for low-power applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the junctionless Fin Field Effect Transistor (FinFET) and nanosheet Field Effect Transistor (NSFET) with a gate length of 12 nm are implemented using the Sentaurus Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) tool. To compare the junctionless FinFET and NSFET, simulations are done at constant threshold voltage. The NSFET outperformed FinFET in terms of current driving capabilities, Subthreshold Swing (SS), Drain Induced Barrier Lowering (DIBL), and intrinsic voltage gain (AV). Further, the device design guidelines are presented for FinFET and NSFET in terms of geometrical parameters. The simulation indicates that downscaling the gate length from 16 to 8 nm leads to an increase in SS and DIBL by 21 and 68.49 % in FinFET whereas 19 and 70.14 % in nanosheet FET. The height variation of FinFET seems to make the least impact on short channel effects (SCEs) while scaling the thickness of NSFET from 9 to 5 nm improves the DIBL and SS by 61.9 % and 15.54 % respectively. In the case of scaling the width of FinFET from 10 to 5 nm, DIBL and SS increase by 55.4 % and 14 % whereas scaling of nanosheet width from 24 to 12 nm gives 19.44 % and 1.37 % improvement in DIBL and SS, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With recent and unprecedented attention toward the implementation of Energy efficient building which aids in advocating sustainable construction, numerous attempts have made in establishing flexible approaches to which these practices will assist in savings cost of construction, improve the quality of indoor air as well as lowering the GHG emissions. However, the system is lacking proper and standardized methodology of implementations. Therefore, this, study dwelt in examining several factors capable of influencing the application of energy conservation practices in buildings, along with the advantages and barriers for implementation based on existing literatures, which focuses on raising awareness, providing information, implementing proper policies, and creating incentives to provide alternative solutions for building owners. As presented, study's outcomes offer a blueprint for comprehending the nuanced dynamics of building energy efficiency and lay out a clear course for further investigation. The study also, identifies significant factors which majorly influences building energy efficiency which include government supervision, design standards, construction quality, and energy-efficient materials. The study recommends utilizing cutting-edge innovations, building automation systems, and IoT devices to improve energy monitoring and conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the influence of different metal gate combinations on the performance of dual-metal gate TFETs (DMG-TFET). The ON-state current in a TFET depends on band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) across the junction between the source and channel regions. Therefore, it is crucial to select a tunnel gate material with an appropriate work function to optimize the devices' overall performance. The present work explores the effect of dual metal gates having different work functions on tunnel barrier width of TFET. In this work, three distinct Double Gate TFET structures; Double Gate (DG) TFET, Dual Metal Gate (DMG) TFET, and Dual Metal Gate Hetero-Dielectric (DMG-HD) TFET are designed using TCAD device simulator. The proposed device (DMG-HD) TFET is benchmarked by considering various performance metrics such as ON-state current ION, OFF-state current IOFF, ON-to-OFF current ratio ION/IOFF, and sub-threshold slope (SS). This study also highlights the key finding of optimizing the length of dual metals and the work functions of metal gates (M-1) and (M-2) in TFETs. The results show that the proposed device (DMG-HD TFET) gives improved performance compared to the other two devices. The proposed TFET structure improves the ON-current by two orders (10-5 to 10-3 (A/μm)), ION/IOFF ratio by three orders (109 to 1012 (A/μm)) and sub-threshold swing (SS) by 23.82% compared to the conventional TFET device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor alertness levels and related changes in cognitive efficiency are common when performing monotonous tasks such as extended driving. Recent studies have investigated driver alertness decrement and possible strategies for modulating alertness with the goal of improving reaction times to safety critical events. However, most studies rely on subjective measures in assessing alertness changes, while the use of olfactory stimuli, which are known to be strong modulators of cognitive states, has not been commensurately explored in driving alertness settings. To address this gap, in the present study we investigated the effectiveness of olfactory stimuli in modulating the alertness state of drivers and explored the utility of electroencephalography (EEG) in developing objective brain-based tools for assessing the resulting changes in cortical activity. Olfactory stimulation induced a significant differential effect on braking reaction time. The corresponding effect to the cortical activity was characterized using EEG-derived metrics and the devised machine learning framework yielded a high discriminating accuracy (92.1%). Furthermore, neural activity in the alpha frequency band was found to be significantly associated with the observed drivers' behavioral changes. Overall, our results demonstrate the potential of olfactory stimuli to modulate the alertness state and the efficiency of EEG in objectively assessing the resulting cognitive changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]