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In organic photovoltaics, a (poly [(9,9-bis(30-(N, N-dimethylamino) propyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt-2,7-(9,9-ioctylfluorene)]) (PFN) moiety is generally employed as a cathode interlayer material (CIM) due to its water-/alcohol-soluble properties. However, the representative PFN-based CIM, PFN-Br, has the limitation of scalable application with considerable efficiency deviation according to the cathode interlayer thickness. To enhance the thickness tolerance of the cathode interlayer, we apply a simple anion substitution of Br- with TFSI-. PFN-TFSI, containing a bulker anion (TFSI- size of 7.9 Å) than PFNBr (Br- size of 2.0 Å), interrupts the interchain interaction, representing amorphous properties. When the thickness of the cathode interlayer is increased from 5 to 15 nm, the devices with PFN-TFSI maintain 90% of their initial efficiency without any change in the efficiency distribution. In addition, PFN-TFSI enables an extremely flat film formation even in an area of 25 cm². This study presents that PFN-TFSI has potential to use in scalable devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many dinoflagellates produce bioluminescence. To estimate the intensity of bioluminescence produced by populations of the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Noctiluca scintillans and Polykrikos kofoidii and autotrophic dinoflagellate Alexandrium mediterraneum in Korean waters, we measured cellular bioluminescence intensity as a function of water temperature and calculated population bioluminescence intensity with cell abundances and water temperature. The mean 200-second-integrated bioluminescence intensity per cell (BLcell) of N. scintillans satiated with the chlorophyte Dunaliella salina decreased continuously with increasing water temperature from 5 to 25°C. However, the BLcell of P. kofoidii satiated with the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum continuously increased from 5 to 15°C but decreased at temperatures exceeding this (to 30°C). Similarly, the BLcell of A. mediterraneum continuously increased from 10 to 20°C but decreased between 20 and 30°C. The difference between highest and lowest BLcell of N. scintillans, P. kofoidii, and A. mediterraneum at the tested water temperatures was 3.5, 11.8, and 21.0 times, respectively, indicating that water temperature clearly affected BLcell. The highest estimated population bioluminescence intensity (BLpopul) of N. scintillans in Korean waters in 1998-2022 was 4.22 × 1013 relative light unit per liter (RLU L-1), which was 1,850 and 554,000 times greater than that of P. kofoidii and A. mediterraneum, respectively. This indicates that N. scintillans populations produced much brighter bioluminescence in Korean waters than the populations of P. kofoidii or A. mediterraneum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study examined how an Indigenous Kalasha participant in northern Pakistan makes sense of his multi-faceted identity. The interpretative phenomenological analysis method was used to analyze data from an in-depth, single person case study. Our selected participant was a 36-year-old male postgraduate student from an Indigenous marginalized tribe, which is an ethnic and religious minority group in the northern Hindukush mountain region of Pakistan. Results are presented in four superordinate themes: (1) Identity: admixture of a number of identities, (2) Changing culture and its psychological impact, (3) Cultural protective factors against psychological problems and (4) Mental health perspective. The findings explained the construct of "identity" in an indigenous way that takes varying forms ranging from admixture of identities (ethnic and national identities) to how globalization, transition, and adaptation processes have been disrupting the practice of Kalasha cultural traditions. The findings also revealed the factors deeply enrooted in Kalasha culture and traditions that have helped people maintain their psychological resilience and buffered against psychological problems. This paper is presented as an appropriate method for advancing psychological understanding of "cultural identity" and exploring the connections between the two constructs of "mental health" and "identity." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]