The inverse scattering problem for the two-dimensional nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation $u_{tt}-\Delta u + u = \mathcal{N}(u)$ is studied. We assume that the unknown nonlinearity $\mathcal{N}$ of the equation satisfies $\mathcal{N}\in C^\infty(\mathbb{R};\mathbb{R})$, $\mathcal{N}^{(k)}(y)=O(|y|^{\max\{ 3-k,0 \}})$ ($y \to 0$) and $\mathcal{N}^{(k)}(y)=O(e^{c y^2})$ ($|y| \to \infty$) for any $k=0,1,2,\cdots$. Here, $c$ is a positive constant. We establish a reconstraction formula of $\mathcal{N}^{(k)}(0)$ ($k=3,4,5,\cdots$) by the knowledge of the scattering operator for the equation. As an application, we also give an expression for higher order G\^{a}teaux differentials of the scattering operator at 0.