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Among fruits, the apple is unique for producing large amounts of the dihydrochalcone phloridzin, which, together with phloretin, its aglycone, is valuable to the pharmaceutical and food industries for its antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anticarcinogenic properties, as well as its use as a sweetener. We analysed the phloridzin concentration, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity in the peel, flesh, seeds, juice, and pomace of 13 international and local apple varieties. In the unprocessed fruit, the seeds had the highest phloridzin content, while the highest total phenolic contents were mostly found in the peel. In processed samples, phloridzin and the total phenolic compounds especially were higher mostly in juice than in pomace. Moreover, the total phenolic content was much higher than the phloridzin content. Juice showed the highest antioxidant activity, followed by the peel and flesh. Across all samples, antioxidant activity did not directly correlate with phloridzin concentrations, suggesting that the antioxidant activity ascribed to phloridzin may need re-evaluation. In the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, phloridzin only showed antioxidant activity at high concentrations when compared to its aglycone, phloretin. Considering the large amounts of apple juice produced by the juice industry, residual pomace is a promising source of phloridzin. For technical use, processing this phloridzin to phloretin would be advantageous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background : Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) has been recognized as a mental health disorder and was added to the ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR. Despite the same name, both versions of PGD differ in symptom count, content, and diagnostic algorithm. A single instrument to screen for both PGD diagnoses is critical for bereavement research and care. The study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the German version of the Traumatic Grief Inventory Self-Report Plus (TGI-SR+), a self-report measure to assess PGD ICD-11 and PGD DSM-5-TR symptoms. Methods : Out of a representative sample of the German general population ( N  = 2509), 1062 reported a significant loss and completed questions about sociodemographic and loss-related variables, the TGI-SR+, and a measure of health-related quality of life. Results : Item analyses demonstrated good item characteristics. Confirmatory factor analyses showed a good fit for two-factor models for PGD ICD-11 and PGD DSM-5-TR . Omega values demonstrated good internal consistency. In support of concurrent validity, symptoms of PGD ICD-11 and PGD DSM-5-TR were associated with worse health-related quality of life. In support of known-groups validity, symptoms of PGD ICD-11 and PGD DSM-5-TR were significantly higher among women, people with a lower educational level, more recently bereaved, those who lost a spouse or child (vs. other person), and those who lost someone due to unnatural causes (vs. natural causes). ROC analyses showed optimal cut-off scores of ≥60 and ≥65 to screen for probable caseness for PGD ICD-11 and PGD DSM-5-TR , respectively. Limitations : The analyses were based on a cross-sectional design, and data on retest-reliability and predictive validity is missing. Conclusion : Results support the reliability and validity of the German TGI-SR+ as a screening instrument for PGD in research.