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Abstract Background Cancer tissues contain a wide variety of immune cells that play critical roles in suppressing or promoting tumor progression. Macrophages are one of the most predominant populations in the tumor microenvironment and are composed of two classes: infiltrating macrophages from the bone marrow and tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs). This review aimed to outline the function of TRMs in the tumor microenvironment, focusing on lung cancer. Review Although the functions of infiltrating macrophages and tumor-associated macrophages have been intensively analyzed, a comprehensive understanding of TRM function in cancer is relatively insufficient because it differs depending on the tissue and organ. Alveolar macrophages (AMs), one of the most important TRMs in the lungs, are replenished in situ, independent of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, and are abundant in lung cancer tissue. Recently, we reported that AMs support cancer cell proliferation and contribute to unfavorable outcomes. Conclusion In this review, we introduce the functions of AMs in lung cancer and their underlying molecular mechanisms. A thorough understanding of the functions of AMs in lung cancer will lead to improved treatment outcomes.

Abstract Background There has been little information on the actual diagnosis of pulmonary lesions in patients with a history of urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and short- and long- outcomes of pulmonary resection for these patients. Methods In the present study, the data of 37 consecutive patients with a history of TCC who underwent pulmonary resection for solitary pulmonary lesions were reviewed, and the clinical factors and short- and long-term outcomes were analyzed. Results The study population included 35 male patients, and 2 female patients. The mean age was 72.5 years. Twenty patients (80%) were smokers and showed a high incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulmonary lesions and primary TCC were detected simultaneously in 5 patients and metachronously in 32 patients. The median interval between treatment for primary TCC and the detection of pulmonary lesion was 43 months. The mean tumor diameter was 23 mm. The types of resection included lobectomy (n = 19), segmentectomy (n = 8), and partial resection (n = 10). Twelve of 37 patients (32%) developed postoperative complications. The pathological diagnoses included primary lung cancer (n = 28), pulmonary metastasis from TCC (n = 7), and others (n = 2). The 5-year overall survival rate for all patients was 72%. The 5-year overall survival rate of patients with primary lung cancer was 74%, while that of patients with pulmonary metastasis from TCC was 57%. Conclusions Surgery can be proactively considered for treating pulmonary lesions in patients with a previous history of TCC, as it provides favorable long-term outcomes.

Abstract Background Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a hereditary tumor syndrome characterized by endocrine tumors with mainly a parathyroid, pancreatic, or anterior pituitary origin. Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) is a rare low-grade soft tissue tumor. There is one known report of a patient with MEN1 complicated by LGFMS, which is very rare. Our report represents the second documented case, providing valuable insights. Case presentation A 31-year-old man with the chief complaint of a cough underwent chest contrast-enhanced computed tomography, which revealed a giant hypoabsorptive tumor with a maximum diameter of 23 cm in the left thoracic cavity. The patient was diagnosed with MEN1, as he also possessed a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor and parathyroid tumor, and because his father had been found to have MEN1. To control hypercalcemia, surgery for the parathyroid tumor was initially performed, followed by surgical resection of the giant thoracic tumor for diagnosis and treatment. Histopathological examination findings of the tumor resulted in a diagnosis of LGFMS. Conclusion We experienced a very rare MEN1 with LGFMS. Although endocrine tumors generally occur more frequently in MEN1, non-endocrine tumors such as the present case should also be noted, reinforcing the importance of systemic imaging scrutiny in addition to early diagnosis and long-term follow-up of MEN1 patients.