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In this research, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are bio-synthesized using Mangifera indicaleaf extract as a sustainable capping and stabilizing source. The spherical morphology, crystallinity, and average size (17.97 nm) of the ZnO NPs are examined through field emission scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), high-resolution transmission microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The hexagonal Zn2+ion array in the wurtzite structure includes zinc atoms and numerous nearest-neighboring O2−ions, with an energy peak at 531.8 eV. The interactive roles of ZnO NPs and strigolactone (SL) in controlling cadmium (Cd) stress are studied in relation to morphological, biochemical, and physiological processes of the tomato plants. Cd exposure significantly lowers the growth, biomass, and total chlorophyll (48.39%) in tomato plants with the reduced activities of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. In contrast, such exposure increases metal translocation (58.00%), net photosynthesis (54.40%), and gas exchange parameters with enhanced levels of proline (83.94%), glycine betaine (72.95%), malondialdehyde (69.52%), hydrogen peroxide (97.82%), and electrolyte leakage (72.54%). Overall, the synergistic combination of ZnO NPs and SL should improve the growth, pigment content, photosynthesis, and antioxidant system of tomato plants, with increased levels of osmolytes to help maintain the water balance under stress.

Bioprinting is a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary field of research where design engineering, materials science, precision of automation engineering, and biology are integrated with biological systems for a medical purpose. Through multidisciplinary research, devoted efforts in this sector have advanced this technology to newer frontiers, giving many fresh materials and approaches to reproduce the complex microenvironment required by cells to promote their growth, migration, and differentiation. This article articulates the process of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting by providing a breakdown of all the processes involved, with a prognosis of a positive future for this technology. In this review article, brief insights into different types of 3D printing technologies have been provided, along with the limitations and advantages they confer. A comparative rundown on the available bio-inks and their ideal usage in the various 3D printing modules is highlighted. Finally, the futuristic concept of integrated organ printing (IOP), together with the view of futuristic technology of four-dimensional (4D) technology, is explained with its recent advances and the current hurdles that need to be overcome to see the full glory of the novel technology of bioprinting.