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Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted pathogen. Due to the latency of the symptoms, Chlamydia trachomatis cannot be diagnosed and treated in the early stage, leading to the development of severe chronic disease with complications and sequelae. Outer membrane complex protein B (OmcB) is the second most abundant outer membrane protein in chlamydia. Because of its abundance and powerful immunogenicity during the infection, OmcB has a very promising prospect in the fields of the diagnosis of CT infection and the development of vaccines. This article reviews the structure and localization of OmcB, and the related mechanisms during Chlamydia trachomatis infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]