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Abstract Aims Certain critical risk factors of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) patients were significantly different from those of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) patients, resulting in the limitations of existing predictive models in real‐world situations. This study aimed to develop a machine learning model for predicting 90 day readmission for HFpEF patients. Methods and Results Data were extracted from electronic health records from 1 August 2020 to 1 August 2021 and follow‐up records of patients with HFpEF within 3 months after discharge. Feature extraction was performed by univariate analysis combined with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithms. Machine learning models like eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), random forest, neural network and logistic regression were adopted to construct models. The discrimination and calibration of each model were compared, and the Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method was used to explore the interpretability of the model. The cohort included 746 patients, of whom 103 (13.8%) were readmitted within 90 days. XGBoost owned the best performance [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.896, precision‐recall area under the curve (PR‐AUC) = 0.868, sensitivity = 0.817, specificity = 0.837, balanced accuracy = 0.827]. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) statistic was 0.694 at 0.468 in the XGBoost model. SHAP identified the top 12 risk features, including activities of daily living (ADL), left atrial dimension (LAD), left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter (LVDD), shortness, nitrates, length of stay, nutritional risk, fall risk, accompanied by other symptoms, educational level, anticoagulants and edema. Conclusions Our model could help medical agencies achieve the early identification of 90 day readmission risk in HFpEF patients and reveal risk factors that provide valuable insights for treatments.

Abstract In this work, inspired by the graph transformer, we presented an improved protocol, termed GT-NMR, which integrates 2D molecular graph representation with Transformer architecture, for accurate yet efficient prediction of NMR chemical shifts. The effectiveness of the GT-NMR was thoroughly examined with the standard nmrshiftdb2 dataset, 37 natural products and structural elucidation of 11 pairs of natural products. Systematical analysis affirms that GT-NMR outperforms traditional graph-based methods in all aspects, achieving state-of-the-art performance, with the mean absolute error of 0.158 and 1.189 ppm in predicting 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts, respectively, for the standard nmrshiftdb2 dataset. Further scrutiny of its practical applications indicates that GT-NMR's efficacy is closely tied to molecular complexity, as quantified by the size-normalized spatial score (nSPS). For relatively simple molecules (nSPS < = 27.71), GT-NMR performs comparably to the best density functional while its effectiveness significantly diminishes with complex molecules characterized by higher nSPS values (nSPS > = 38.42). This trend is consistent across other graph-based NMR chemical shift prediction methods as well. Therefore, while employing GT-NMR or other graph-based methods for the rapid and routine prediction of NMR chemical shifts, it is advisable to utilize nSPS to assess their suitability. The source codes and trained model of GT-NMR are publicly available at GitHub. Scientific contribution GT-NMR, which combines the 2D molecular graph representation with the Transformer architecture, was implemented for the first time to predict atom-level NMR chemical shifts, achieving state-of-the-art performance. More importantly, the reliability of the GT-NMR and graph-based methods was assessed for the first time in terms of molecular complexity, as quantified by the size-normalized spacial score (nSPS). Systematical scrutiny demonstrated that GT-NMR offer a valuable way for routine application in structural screening and elucidation of relatively simple molecules.

Abstract This article discusses finite‐time lag bipartite (FETLB) synchronization of double‐layer networks with non‐linear coupling strength and multiple time delays. The cooperative and competitive interactions between nodes are considered based on signed graphs. To address the non‐linear couplings strength, the T‐S fuzzy logic theory is used. An intermittent control approach is introduced to achieve FETLB synchronization, effectively minimizing control costs. Moreover, by the Lyapunov functional method, we derive criteria for achieving FETLB synchronization and provide estimations for the synchronization settling time. In addition, numerical simulation affirms the validity of the theoretical findings, showcasing the practical application of the synchronization results in secure communication.

Abstract Toe fringes are a key innovation for sand dwelling lizards, and the relationship between toe fringe function and substrate properties is helpful in understanding the adaptation of lizards to sand dune environments. We tested the sand burial performance of Phrynocephalus mystaceus on different sand substrates with toe fringe manipulation, with the aim of assessing whether the function of the toe fringes shifts under different substrate properties, especially in highly mobile substrates. The sand burial performance of P. mystaceus was influenced by substrate properties in relation to the toe fringe states of the lizard. After removal of the bilateral toe fringes, the sand burial ability score of P. mystaceus was significantly higher on sand substrates below 100 mesh than on native sand substrates. As the angle of stability of the substrate properties decreased, the sand burial performance of the lizard was even better after the bilateral toe fringes were removed. The results of the LASSO model and the path analysis model showed that the stability angle provided the opposite effect on sand burial performance in different toe fringe states. These results further suggest that the sand burial function of toe fringes may not be suitable for highly mobile sand substrates. It remains to be tested further whether the function of toe fringes is more important for running on sand.

Abstract Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an autoimmune disease in the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include cognitive dysfunction, psychiatric‐behavioral abnormalities, epilepsy, motor disorders, speech disorders, and memory impairment. Some patients do not have the characteristic clinical manifestations of the disease when they see a doctor, so they are easily diagnosed incorrectly. Autoimmune antibodies originate from genetic and acquired factors. Clinical data have found a correlation between ovarian teratoma and autoimmune encephalitis. This case reports a 34‐year‐old woman who was diagnosed with teratoma‐associated anti‐N‐methyl‐D‐ aspartate receptor‐mediated autoimmune encephalitis called anti‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor encephalitis with bilateral hearing loss in 2021. Through this case report, clinicians will pay attention to autoimmune encephalitis and raise awareness of the specific clinical manifestations of autoimmune encephalitis, and focus on early identification. It means that clinicians should be familiar with the representative clinical manifestations of the disease.

Abstract Background Studies have shown that Averrhoa carambola L. possesses therapeutic potential for diabetes and related complications. However, the specific beneficial effects and molecular mechanisms of 2-dodecyl-6-meth-oxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (DMDD) isolated from Averrhoa carambola L. on diabetic nephropathy (DN) require further investigation. Methods 80 C57BL/6 J male mice were subjected to a 1-week adaptive feeding, followed by a high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) to construct an in vivo DN model. Additionally, human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) induced by high glucose (HG) were used as an in vitro DN model. The expression levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and autophagy-related proteins in renal tubular cells were detected by Western Blot, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) staining. Transcriptome analysis revealed was conducted to elucidate the specific mechanism of by which DMDD mitigates DN by inhibiting ERS and autophagy. HK-2 cells were transfected with IRE1α overexpression lentivirus to reveal the role of IRE1α overexpression in HG-induced HK-2. Results The experimental data showed that DMDD significantly reduced blood glucose levels and improved renal pathological alterations in DN mice. Additionally, DMDD inhibited the calcium (Ca2+) pathway, manifested by decreased autophagosome formation and downregulation of LC3II/I, Beclin-1, and ATG5 expression. Moreover, in HG-induced HK-2 cells, DMDD suppressed the overexpression of GRP78, CHOP, LC3II/I, Beclin1, and ATG5. Notably, IRE1α overexpression significantly increased autophagy incidence; however, DMDD treatment subsequently reduced the expression of LC3II/I, Beclin1, and ATG5. Conclusion DMDD effectively inhibits excessive ERS and autophagy, thereby reducing renal cell apoptosis through the IRE1α pathway and Ca 2+ pathway.

Fine characterization of oil plane distribution in highly heterogeneous tight sandstone is a prerequisite for efficient reservoir development. This study systematically evaluated the distribution characteristics of tight oil in the Chang 7 Member of the Western Ordos Basin using a large number of experimental tests, logging interpretation, and 3D modelling methods. The logging interpretation models of shale content, porosity, permeability, and oil saturation were constructed, and the effective reservoir was identified by establishing the intersection identification pattern of reservoir acoustic wave time difference and deep lateral resistivity. The 3D numerical simulation results showed that the tight oil is distributed between injection and production wells. The areas with high tight oil content are mainly distributed along the WE direction, and a series of high remaining oil zones are formed locally. Under the influence of long-term injection and production, a high permeability zone will be formed between wells, which is similar to a high-speed channel and will be flooded quickly, and a banded remaining oil retention zone will be formed around it. For the horizontal well flooding area, the water flooding range of the water injection well is small, and a large amount of remaining oil is enriched between water injection wells. Finally, the classification standard of the remaining oil in the Chang 72 sub-member of the study area is proposed, and then, the strategy of adopting different development and adjustment schemes according to different types of reservoirs is formed.

Abstract Background Osteosarcoma is a soft tissue neoplasm with elevated recurrence risk and highly metastatic potential. Metal response element binding transcriptional factor 2 (MTF2) has been revealed to exert multiple activities in human tissues. The present research was conducted to explore the functions and related response mechanism of MTF2 in osteosarcoma which have not been introduced yet. Methods Bioinformatics tools identified the differential MTF2 expression in osteosarcoma tissues. MTF2 expression in osteosarcoma cells was examined with Western blot. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, 5-Ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EDU) staining, wound healing as well as transwell assays measured cell proliferation, migration and invasion, respectively. Flow cytometry assay detected the cellular apoptotic level. Western blot also measured the expressions of proteins associated with epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), apoptosis and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)/secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1)/Wnt signaling. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay confirmed MTF2-EZH2 interaction. Results MTF2 expression was increased in osteosarcoma tissues and cells. MTF2 interference effectively inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells and promoted the cellular apoptotic rate. MTF2 directly bound to EZH2 and MTF2 silence reduced EZH2 expression, activated SFRP1 expression and blocked Wnt signaling in osteosarcoma cells. EZH2 upregulation or SFRP1 antagonist WAY-316606 partly counteracted the impacts of MTF2 down-regulation on the SFRP1/Wnt signaling and the biological phenotypes of osteosarcoma cells. Conclusions MTF2 might down-regulate SFRP1 to activate Wnt signaling and drive the progression of osteosarcoma via interaction with EZH2 protein.

Objective To analyze the accuracy of the new generation intraocular lens (IOL) formula and the Wang-Koch (WK) adjustment in individuals with severe myopia undergoing combined anterior-posterior surgery. Methods A total of 100 patients (100 eyes) with axial length (AL) >26 mm undergoing combined anterior and posterior segment surgery in our department from June 2015 to June 2021 were enrolled in this study. Totally 13 IOL calculation formulas, such as Barrett Universal Ⅱ (BUⅡ), Emmetropia Verifying Optical (EVO), Kane, Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay, and SRK/T as well as the first generation linear WK eye axis optimization formula (Haigis-WK1, SRK/T-WK1, Hoffer Q-WK1, Holladay 1-WK1) and the second generation linear WK eye axis optimization formula (SRK/T-WK2, Holladay 1-WK2), were utilized to determine IOL diopter. The mean prediction error (ME), mean absolute error (MAE), median absolute error (MedAE), and percentage of prediction error within different refractive thresholds were calculated to assess the accuracy of each formula. In order to investigate the impact of AL on accuracy of IOL calculation, the patients were categorized into group A (38 eyes, 26.00 mm < AL≤28.00 mm), group B (28 eyes, 28.00 mm < AL≤30.00 mm), and group C (34 eyes, AL >30.00 mm). Additionally, the patients were also divided into silicone oil (63 eyes) and non-silicone oil (37 eyes) groups based on preoperative intraocular filling to determine the effect of intraocular filling on IOL calculation. Results The MedAE values of the new-generation IOL formulas (BUⅡ, EVO, and Kane) were significantly lower (0.34D, 0.31D, 0.35D) than those of traditional formulas (P < 0.05). Additionally, the percentage of prediction errors within ±0.25 D, ±0.50 D, ±0.75 D, and ±1.00 D were significantly higher with the new formulas when compared to traditional ones (P < 0.05). Traditional formulas exhibited a hyperopic deviation (0.35D~0.65 D), which could be corrected using the WK eye axis adjustment. WK2 was effective in improving the accuracy of calculation in SRK/T and Holladay 1 formulas, and there was no statistical difference in the MedAE values of SRK/T-WK2 and Holladay 1-WK2 formulas with the new-generation IOL formulas. When comparing the formulas across different axial eye length groups in terms of MedAE, the new IOL formulas (BUⅡ, kane and EVO) and WK-corrected formulas (Haigis-WK1, SRK/T-WK1, SRK/T-WK2, Hoffer Q-WK1, Holladay 1-WK1, Holladay 1-WK2) showed no significant differences among the different AL groups. However, there were significant differences in the MedAE values of traditional formulas among the different AL groups (P < 0.01), with group C displaying the largest MedAE values (Haigis: 0.84D, SRK/T: 1.10D, Hoffer Q: 1.23D, Holladay 1: 1.20D). Comparing the MedAE values of different formulas in various preoperative intraocular filling groups, it was observed that the MedAE values of the new-generation IOL formulas (BUⅡ, kane and EVO), Haigis, and SRK/T formulas were significantly higher in the silicone oil-filled eye group than the non-silicone oil-filled eye group (P < 0.05). Conclusion In patients with high myopia undergoing combined anterior and posterior segment surgery, the precision and consistency of the new-generation IOL formulas and the second-generation linear WK axis correction formula exhibit significant improvements when compared to traditional formulas.

Introduction Frailty significantly influences the prognosis of elderly patients diagnosed with heart failure. The assessment of frailty is a critical initial step in the management of these patients, as a systematic and precise evaluation facilitates the identification of individuals at high risk. This identification enables timely and targeted interventions, which can subsequently reduce the likelihood of adverse cardiovascular events and improve the quality of life for elderly patients with heart failure. Nevertheless, there exists a notable deficiency in research regarding the most effective frailty assessment tools specifically for elderly patients with heart failure in China. The objective of this study is to identify the frailty assessment tool that demonstrates the highest predictive value for outcomes in this population.Methods and analysis This study is a multicentre, prospective cohort investigation that commenced in October 2023 across three tertiary hospitals in Beijing, China. Employing a continuous enrolment strategy, the study encompasses all elderly patients diagnosed with heart failure who are undergoing either outpatient or inpatient treatment, continuing until an adequate sample size is achieved. Follow-up evaluations are scheduled every 3 months from the point of patient enrolment, extending until the 12th month post-enrolment. Comprehensive data collection, which includes demographic information, heart failure-related metrics, frailty assessments and significant biochemical test results, is conducted through face-to-face interviews at baseline.Ethics and dissemination Participant inclusion will depend on obtaining written informed consent from the patient or guardian. The trial protocol was approved by the Central Ethics Committee of Beijing Hospital. The approval letter number is 2023BJYYEC-356-01. Outcomes of the study will be published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal.

In this study, a mixture of ultrasound or microwave pretreated walnut meal protein peptides and CaCl2 was used for the preparation of walnut peptide-calcium chelate. The effects of different pretreatments on the calcium chelating capacity, structural changes and stability of walnut meal protein peptides were analyzed. The results showed that compared with walnut meal protein peptide-calcium chelate (WPP-Ca), the chelation rates of ultrasound-pretreated walnut meal protein peptide-calcium chelate (UP-WPP-Ca) and microwave-pretreated walnut meal protein peptide-calcium chelate (MP-WPP-Ca) were enhanced, which indicated that ultrasound and microwave pretreatments improved the calcium-chelating capacity of the peptides effectively. Using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, it was found that ultrasound and microwave pretreatments mainly affected the calcium ion binding sites such as amino groups, carbonyl groups, carboxyl groups, amide bonds and carboxylate groups of walnut meal protein peptides. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that ultrasound and microwave treatments changed the molecular arrangement of walnut meal protein peptides, thereby making the structure of walnut peptide-calcium chelate more ordered. Fluorescence spectroscopy showed that ultrasonic and microwave treatments promoted the chelation between aromatic amino acids and calcium ions. In addition, UP-WPP-Ca and MP-WPP-Ca showed good stability toward different pH values, temperatures, and gastrointestinal digestion. In short, ultrasonic and microwave pretreatments can improve the calcium-chelating capacity and stability of walnut meal protein peptides, which is of guiding significance for the processing of walnut peptide-calcium chelate and the development of calcium supplements.

The genus Ablepharus Lichtenstein, 1823 contains the common snake-eyed skinks, distributed from southern Europe and northern Africa to eastern Asia. Ablepharus alaicus Elpatjevsky, 1901 inhabits Central Asia and, according to historical literature, was once recorded in north-western China. However, there are no voucher records of this species from China. Some populations of a subspecies of A. alaicus have been elevated to new species, for example, A. eremchenkoi (Panfilov, 1999). However, no detailed studies have been conducted. In August and September 2023, we captured sixteen and fourteen skink specimens from Wuqia County and Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County, respectively, in Xinjiang, northwest China. Morphological and phylogenetic comparisons showed that the skinks collected from these two locations belong to A. eremchenkoi and A. alaicus, respectively. In this study, we confirmed the first record of A. eremchenkoi in China, rediscovered A. alaicus, reported voucher records for these two skinks and reviewed the taxonomic history of Ablepharus in Xinjiang, northwest China.

Background In late 2019, a new respiratory illness was detected in Wuhan, China and was later designated as COVID-19 by the WHO. Despite international efforts to impose restrictions and quarantine measures, the virus spreads rapidly across the globe. The pandemic has significantly impacted the mental health of both children and parents. This study investigates the relationship between parents’ anxiety, stress and depression, and Children’s Health-Related Quality of Life (CHQol) and externalised behavioural disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods This is a cross-sectional study that included 396 parents who have children between the ages of 6 and 18 years old. Sampling was done by designing an online questionnaire that was distributed on social media (WhatsApp and Telegram and native social media, such as Eitaa, Soroush and E-Gap). Inclusion criteria were all citizens living in rural and urban areas of Rafsanjan, citizens living in Rafsanjan city for 1 year and having children aged 6–18 years old. We used a demographic information questionnaire, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21, CHQol and Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment to collect data.Results We found a positive significant correlation between anxiety (r=0.334), stress (r=0.354), depression (r=0.324) and externalised behavioural disorder (p

Acne vulgaris ranks as the second most prevalent dermatological condition worldwide, and there are still insufficient safe and reliable drugs to treat it. Cryptotanshinone (CTS), a bioactive compound derived from traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza, has shown promise for treating acne vulgaris due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial and significant anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, its local application is hindered by its low solubility and poor skin permeability. To overcome these challenges, a carrier-free pure drug self-assembled nanosystem is employed, which can specifically modify drug molecules based on the disease type and microenvironment, offering a potential for more effective treatment. We designed and synthesized three distinct structures of cationic CTS-peptide conjugates, creating self-assembled nanoparticles. This study has explored their self-assembly behavior, skin permeation, cellular uptake, and both in vitro and in vivo anti-acne effects. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed these nanoparticles form through intermolecular hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking interactions. Notably, self-assembled nanoparticles demonstrated enhanced bioavailability with higher skin permeation and cellular uptake rates. Furthermore, the nanoparticles exhibited superior anti-acne effects compared to the parent drug, attributed to heightened antimicrobial activity and significant downregulation of the MAPK/NF-κB pathway, leading to reduced expression of pro-inflammatory factors including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-8. In summary, the carrier-free self-assembled nanoparticles based on CTS-peptide conjugate effectively address the issue of poor skin bioavailability, offering a promising new approach for acne treatment.

Developmental Endothelial Locus-1 (DEL-1), also known as EGF-like repeat and discoidin I-like domain-3 (EDIL3), is increasingly recognized for its multifaceted roles in immunoregulation and vascular biology. DEL-1 is a protein that is mainly produced by endothelial cells. It interacts with various integrins to regulate the behavior of immune cells, such as preventing unnecessary recruitment and inflammation. DEL-1 also helps in resolving inflammation by promoting efferocytosis, which is the process of clearing apoptotic cells. Its potential as a therapeutic target in immune-mediated blood disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer metastasis has been spotlighted due to its wide-ranging implications in vascular integrity and pathology. However, there are still unanswered questions about DEL-1’s precise functions and mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive examination of DEL-1’s activity across different vascular contexts and explores its potential clinical applications. It underscores the need for further research to resolve existing controversies and establish the therapeutic viability of DEL-1 modulation.

AimThe aim of this study is to investigate if Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) can effectively identify unreported variants according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG)to prevent citrullinemia type 1 affection.DesignThis study involves a detailed case analysis of a family with history of citrullinemia type 1, focusing on the use of PGT for monogenic diseases (PGT-M). The genetic variants were identified using ACMG guidelines, and PGT was employed to prevent the inheritance of these variants. The study included haplotype analysis and Sanger sequencing to confirm the results.ResultsThe study identified previously unreported variations in the ASS1 gene causing citrullinemia type 1. PGT successfully prevented the transmission of these variants, resulting in the birth of a healthy fetus. However, challenges such as allele dropout (ADO) and gene recombination were encountered during haplotype analysis, which could potentially defeat the diagnosis. The study demonstrated that combining haplotype analysis with Sanger sequencing can enhance the accuracy of PGT.ConclusionPreimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT) targeting likely pathogenic and pathogenic variants in the ASS1 gene, as rated by ACMG, allows the birth of healthy infants free from citrullinemia type 1. Additionally, the establishment of single haplotypes and Sanger sequencing can reduce the misdiagnosis rate caused by allele dropout (ADO) and genetic recombination.

IntroductionBrain edema is a life-threatening complication that occurs after glioma surgery. There are no noninvasive and specific treatment methods for brain edema. Hydrogen is an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant gas that has demonstrated therapeutic and preventative effects on several diseases, particularly in the nervous system. This study aimed to determine the therapeutic effects of hydrogen administration on brain edema following glioma surgery and elucidate its mechanism.MethodsA single-center, randomized controlled clinical trial of hydrogen inhalation was conducted (China Clinical Trial Registry [ChiCTR-2300074362]). Participants in hydrogen (H) group that inhaled hydrogen experienced quicker alleviation of postoperative brain edema compared with participants in control (C) group that inhaled oxygen.ResultsThe volume of brain edema before discharge was significantly lower in the H group (p

Abstract Background Venous thromboembolism (VTE) increases the risk of death or adverse outcomes in patients with lung cancer. Therefore, early identification and treatment of high‐risk groups of VTE have been the research focus. In this systematic review, the risk assessment tools of VTE in patients with lung cancer were systematically analyzed and evaluated to provide a reference for VTE management. Methods Relevant studies were retrieved from major English databases (The Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Medline) and Chinese databases (China National Knowledge Infrastructure [CNKI] and WanFang Data) until July 2023 and extracted by two researchers. This systematic review was registered at PROSPERO (no. CRD42023409748). Results Finally, two prospective cohort studies and four retrospective cohort studies were included from 2019. There was a high risk of bias in all included studies according to the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment tool (PROBAST). In the included studies, Cox and logistic regression were used to construct models. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of the model ranged from 0.670 to 0.904, and the number of predictors ranged from 4 to 11. The D‐dimer index was included in five studies, but significant differences existed in optimal cutoff values from 0.0005 mg/L to 2.06 mg/L. Then, three studies validated the model externally, two studies only validated the model internally, and only one study validated the model using a combination of internal and external validation. Conclusion VTE risk prediction models for patients with lung cancer have received attention for no more than 5 years. The included model shows a good predictive effect and may help identify the risk population of VTE at an early stage. In the future, it is necessary to improve data modeling and statistical analysis methods, develop predictive models with good performance and low risk of bias, and focus on external validation and recalibration of models.

Nanoscale resonant devices based on optical tweezers are widely used in the field of precision sensing. In the process of driving the nanoresonator based on the Coulomb force, the real-time, precise regulation of the charge carried by the charged resonator is essential for continuous manipulation. However, the accuracy of the existing charge measurement methods for levitated particles is low, and these methods cannot meet the needs of precision sensing. In this study, a novel net charge measurement protocol for levitated particles based on spatial speed statistics is proposed. High-precision mass measurement based on Maxwell’s rate distribution law is the basis for improving the accuracy of charge measurement, and accurate measurement of net charge can be achieved by periodic electric field driving. The error of net charge measurement is less than 7.3% when the pressure is above 0.1 mbar, while it can be less than 0.76% at 10 mbar. This proposed method features real-time, high-precision, non-destructive, and in situ measurement of the net charge of particles in the medium vacuum, which provides new solutions for practical problems in the fields of high-precision sensing and nano-metrology based on levitated photodynamics.