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AbstractProteases, enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds, have various applications in medicine, clinical applications, and pharmaceutical development. They are used in cancer treatment, wound debridement, contact lens cleaning, prion degradation, biofilm removal, and fibrinolytic agents. Proteases are also crucial in cardiovascular disease treatment, emphasizing the need for safe, affordable, and effective fibrinolytic drugs. Proteolytic enzymes and protease biosensors are increasingly used in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Advanced technologies, such as nanomaterials-based sensors, are being developed to enhance the sensitivity, specificity, and versatility of protease biosensors. These biosensors are becoming effective tools for disease detection due to their precision and rapidity. They can detect extracellular and intracellular proteases, as well as fluorescence-based methods for real-time and label-free detection of virus-related proteases. The active utilization of proteolytic enzymatic biosensors is expected to expand significantly in biomedical research, in-vitro model systems, and drug development. We focused on journal articles and books published in English between 1982 and 2024 for this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The spread of the COVID-19 disease is the result of an infection caused by the SARS-CoV2 virus. Four crucial proteins, spike [S], membrane [M], nucleocapsid [N], and envelope [E] in coronaviruses have been considered to a large extent., Objective: This research aimed to express the recombinant protein of a multiepitope immunogen construct and evaluate the immunogenicity of the multiepitope vaccine that was previously designed as a candidate immunogenic against SARS-Cov-2., Materials and Methods: Plasmid pET26b was transferred to the expression host E. coli BL21 [DE3] and the recombinant protein was expressed with IPTG induction. The recombinant protein was purified by Ni-NTA column affinity chromatography, and western blotting was used to confirm it. Finally, mice were immunized with recombinant protein in three doses. Then, the interaction of the 3D structure of the vaccine with the human neutralizing antibodies3D structures [7BWJ and 7K8N] antibody was evaluated by docking and molecular dynamics simulation., Results: The optimized gene had a codon compatibility index of 0.96. The expression of the recombinant protein of the SARS-Cov-2 vaccine in an E. coli host led to the production of the recombinant protein with a weight of about 70 kDa with a concentration of 0.7 mg/ml. Immunization of mice with recombinant protein of SARS-Cov-2 vaccine-induced IgG serum antibody response. Statistical analysis showed that the antibody titer in comparison with the control sample has a significant difference, and the antibody titer was acceptable up to 1/256000 dilution. The simulation of vaccine binding with human antibodies by molecular dynamics showed that Root Mean Square Deviation [RMSD], Root Mean Square Fluctuation [RMSF], Radius of Gyration, and H-bond as well as van der Waals energies and electrostatic of Molecular mechanics Poisson- Boltzmann surface area [MM/PBSA] analysis have stable interaction., Conclusion: This recombinant protein can probably be used as an immunogen candidate for the development of vaccines against SARS-CoV2 in future research., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)