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This article discusses the challenges and importance of simulation and modeling in membrane transport. It focuses on two types of membranes: porous and non-porous. Different modeling techniques are used to predict the structure and formation of these membranes. The article emphasizes the need for accurate modeling to guide the design of new membranes and enhance their performance. Overall, the challenges highlight the need for improved modeling techniques and a better understanding of membrane behavior. This document discusses the challenges and complexities of modeling membrane processes in scientific research. It emphasizes the need for accurate models that can capture the various physical phenomena occurring at different scales. The document highlights the importance of multiscale modeling and the integration of experimental data for validation. It also acknowledges the limitations of computational resources and the difficulty of obtaining real-time experimental monitoring. The document concludes by suggesting opportunities to link modeling results to experiments more effectively. This document is a list of references for various scientific articles related to membrane processes in wastewater treatment and desalination. The articles cover topics such as mathematical modeling, molecular simulations, and the formation and structure of membranes. The references provide a range of perspectives and approaches to studying membrane processes, making them a valuable resource for researchers in the field. [Extracted from the article]

The hydrolysis of cellulose using ionic liquid (IL) has been extensively studied but there is limited understanding of the removal of IL from the biomass hydrolysate. Finding a suitable method for the recovery and reuse of IL is one of the biggest challenges before its large-scale application. Selecting an appropriate combined recovery process is very important. This study proposed a facile ion-exchange combined method for the recovery of IL from the modeled cellulose hydrolysate mixture containing sugars as well as γ-valerolactone (GVL) via an adsorption–desorption mechanism using sulfonic acid cation-exchange (Amberlyst 15 (H)) resin. The results showed that the resin could adsorb more than 94% of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [Emim]Cl IL at ambient conditions within a contact time of 20 min. The other coexisting constituents like glucose and GVL have no significant effect on the adsorption efficiency of IL. The adsorption of IL on Amberlyst 15 (H) resin was observed to be pseudo-second-order adsorption. The regeneration of the adsorbed IL was possible up to 70% using low-cost, easily available sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. Similarly, despite the interference of other unwanted byproducts in the real biomass hydrolysate sample, an IL adsorption efficiency up to 51% was reached under similar operating conditions. This study thus opens the facile possibility of extracting and recycling IL used in the biomass hydrolysis process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]