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Background: Continuous performance tests (CPTs) are a popular tool for evaluating the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Performance measurements are typically linked to the biological features and cognitive functions of individuals. To determine the validity of specific CPT indices in differentiating between school-aged children with ADHD from with non-ADHD, each student's sex, chronological age, and cognitive abilities should be considered. Methods: In this prospective case–control study, a total of 30 non-ADHD students and 26 with ADHD who were aged 6 to 12 years were from general education classrooms. All students completed the Continuous Performance Tests (CPTs) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-revised (Mandarin-Chinese version). Demographic data were collected from the students' parents. Results: Detectability, Omissions, Commissions, and Hit Reaction Time Standard Deviation (HRT SD) yielded higher T-scores in children with ADHD than those without. Compared with non-ADHD students, those with ADHD had higher classification scores for Detectability, Omissions, Perseverations, and HRT SD. For each CPT index, after individual factors were controlled for, logistic regression revealed that only students with positive scores for Detectability, Omission, and HRT SD (adjusted odds ratios = 4.627, 9.977, and 3.908, Ps < 0.05) were likely to receive a diagnosis of ADHD. Furthermore, after individual characteristics were controlled for, Logistic regression also revealed that the cumulative positive scores of the Detectability, Omission, or and HRT SD remained associated with an increased risk of ADHD (adjusted odds ratio = 3.116, P < 0.01). Conclusions: Compared with school-aged children with non-ADHD in general education classrooms, those with ADHD exhibited significantly lower performance in inattention-related CPT indices. To reach an accurate diagnosis through CPTs, clinicians should pay attention to Detectability, Omission, and HRT SD. Compared with other CPT indices, Detectability, Omission, and HRT SD may function as more suitable indicators for distinguishing between school-aged children with and non-ADHD in general education classrooms. These indicators are robust and unobscured by individual characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 13-year and 4-month-old girl was brought to the emergency department due to fever, dizziness,vomiting, and blurred vision. Laboratory data revealed hyperglycemia with an HbA1C of 7.3 percent, ketonuria, and lactic acidosis. The initial impression was diabetic ketoacidosis. During admission, recurrent focal impaired awareness seizures were noted, and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed multiple brain infarctions in the bilateral cerebrum. Mitochondrial gene report showed A3243 G with 64 percent heteroplasmy, and mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes was diagnosed. At 16 years and 7 months old, recurrence of vomiting and onset of right hemianopia and mild right limb weakness were observed and follow-up T2 images showed massive edema in her left parieto-occipital region. At 16 years and 10 months old, she developed clonus in her left hand associated with an unsteady gait and blurred vision. MRI of the brain revealed recurrent brain infarction, and T2 images showed massive edema of the right parieto-occipital region. MELAS is a rare disease entity and occasionally comorbid with mitochondrial diabetes in childhood. Characteristic radiological features of MELAS include infarction-like lesions over the parieto-occipital or parieto-temporal areas, which help distinguish MELAS from childhood ischemic stroke.