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Objective: This study aimed to identify the expression profile and prognostic significance of inflammation-associated lncRNAs in chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) and CVH-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (CVH-HCC). Material and Methods: In the first step, lncRNA expression analysis was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using an array panel of 84 inflammation-associated lncRNAs in 48 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples (12 CVH-HCC, 12 peritumoral cirrhotic parenchyma, 12 nontumoral cirrhotic CVH parenchyma, 12 normal liver samples). In the second step, 7 lncRNAs (DLEU2, HOTAIR, LINC00635, LINC00662, RP11-549J18.1, SNHG16 and XIST) were chosen for RT-PCR assay testing in 72 samples (24 CVH-HCC, 24 peritumoral cirrhotic parenchyma, 24 nontumoral cirrhotic CVH parenchyma samples). Results: Fifty-six inflammation-associated lncRNAs were significantly up-regulated in the peritumoral cirrhotic parenchyma compared to the normal liver. Expression of 71 lncRNAs was significantly higher in peritumoral cirrhotic parenchyma compared to cirrhotic CVH parenchyma. DLEU2 and SNHG16 were up-regulated both in the tumor and peritumoral cirrhotic parenchyma compared to cirrhotic CVH parenchyma. Expression of LINC00662 was significantly higher in CVH-HCC than in cirrhotic CVH parenchyma. Expression of XIST was also increased in both tumor and peritumoral parenchyma samples, albeit without statistical significance. No significant association was found between lncRNA expressions and survival. Conclusion: Inflammation-associated lncRNAs DLEU2, SNHG16, LINC00662, and XIST are candidate diagnostic biomarkers in CVH-HCC. More evidence is needed to prove their utility as prognostic markers.

Aims:: To present the body of evidence about the practice of objective assessment of lower urinary tract (LUT) function and dysfunction of female patients with stress urinary incontinence symptoms It serves as a scientific background review and evidence base for a presentation made available on the International Continence Society (ICS) website. Methods:: This narrative review has been prepared by a working group instituted by the ICS Urodynamics Committee. The method to develop the educational module used included narrative literature review, consensus formation by the members of the Working Group, and review by members of the ICS Urodynamics Committee core panel. Results:: On the basis of the available guidelines and articles, we addressed the following topics: Indications for comprehensive urodynamic study (UDS); the best way to inform and prepare the patient; the urodynamic study protocol in women with SUI; the practice of the different tests (cystometry with pressure flow study, leak point pressure and urethral pressure profile). Conclusions:: This ICS teaching module includes an expert-based profile of patients with signs and symptoms of SUI that can be considered complicated and includes specific recommendations for the practice of testing. UDS helps diagnosing the dysfunction that leads to the symptoms. Most of the testing for women with stress urinary incontinence can be performed in the already standardized manner; some adaptions of practice and evaluation are mentioned.

BackgroundVEXAS syndrome, a recently identified systemic autoinflammatory disorder, poses new diagnostic and management challenges. Based on experience with other autoinflammatory diseases, anti-interleukin (IL)-1, anti-IL-6, anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) biotechnological agents, and Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKis) have been widely employed in VEXAS patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the global effectiveness and safety of biotechnological agents and JAKis using data from the real-world context.MethodsClinical, laboratory, and therapeutic data from VEXAS patients were obtained from the international AIDA Network VEXAS registry.ResultsIn total, 69 VEXAS patients were enrolled in the study. Among them, 12 patients (13 treatment courses) received IL-1 inhibitors, 12 patients (13 treatment courses) were administered anti-IL-6 agents, 8 patients (9 treatment courses) were treated with anti-TNF agents, and 16 patients (17 treatment courses) were treated with JAKis. A complete response was observed in 3 patients (23%) treated with anti-IL-1 agents, 2 patients (15%) receiving IL-6 inhibitors, 1 patient (11%) receiving TNF inhibitors, and 4 patients (23.5%) treated with JAKis. The mean prednisone (or equivalent) dosage significantly decreased during anti-IL-1 treatment (p = 0.01), while glucocorticoids changed during anti-IL-6, anti-TNF, and JAKi treatment in a non-significant fashion. A total of 21 patients experienced adverse events, 3 of which led to death (gut perforation, Legionnaires’ disease, and infectious pneumonia) while on JAKis; treatment withdrawal was required for 8 out of 21 patients.ConclusionIL-1 and IL-6 inhibitors, along with JAKis, represent promising therapeutic options for VEXAS patients, albeit careful monitoring is mandatory to control disease activity and ensure safety.

During the last decade, spondyloarthritis (SpA) has increasingly been considered a disease at the crossroads between autoimmunity and autoinflammation. Some patients may even present with autoinflammatory-related manifestations, including fever, hidradenitis suppurativa, other neutrophilic dermatoses, and an unusually high increase in inflammatory markers. Therefore, a subgroup of SpA patients may be identified, and specific details about this cluster need to be investigated. In this regard, the AutoInflammatory Disease Alliance (AIDA) Network has developed a registry primarily aimed at better understanding the autoinflammatory aspects of SpA. The development of this Registry favors the systematic assessment of SpA through the lens of autoinflammation, giving a voice to patients with atypical presentations, and favoring a personalized treatment approach. By supporting research and facilitating the transfer of new evidence to clinical practice, this specific registry has the potential to significantly advance the field of rheumatology and enhance the lives of patients suffering from this complex and multifaceted disease.

ABSTRACT Purpose Genetic studies on the transgender and gender diverse (TGD) community have started to appear in the literature. However, there are limited studies on how genetic data will impact attitudes and perspectives toward TGD individuals. In this study, we investigated the impact of genetic alterations on physicians' attitudes toward TGD individuals and on physicians' decisions concerning gender confirmation surgery (GCS). In this context, we intended to highlight a number of strategies to reduce the inequalities that the TGD community is exposed to in accessing health‐care services. Method An online survey including the Turkish version of the Attitudes Toward Transgendered Individuals Scale (ATTIS) was completed by 224 physicians from relevant specialties. Scheffé and least significant difference (LSD) post hoc analysis methods were used to determine physicians' perspectives on whether genetic findings would cause TGD individuals to feel validated/invalidated. Multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis was employed to assess their responses concerning the decision to perform GCS when genetic alterations had been identified. Results More than half of the physicians expressed the view that genetic analyses for TGD individuals would confer benefits (67.1%). Those who thought that the presence of gender–diversity‐related genetic alterations would have a “positive impact” on their GCS‐related decision to operate were found to have less positive attitudes toward TGD individuals (Bonferroni corrected p < 0.001). Multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that age, presenting the odds ratio as the strongest factor, distinguished the “no impact” group from the reference “positive impact” group, particularly among those aged ≤ 35 years (3.299, 95% CI: 1.355–8.033; p = 0.009). Conclusion Although genetic analysis of TGD individuals is predicted to have a positive effect on physicians' attitudes toward them and on the GCS decision‐making process, it should be emphasized that the benefits for TGD individuals must outweigh the potential harm. The results showed that physicians need “early and continuing education” to develop a comprehensive perspective on gender identity. The most appropriate approach for genetic testing would be to include the TGD community in decision‐making processes and to develop guidelines for the interpretation of genetic data.

The lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) is a significant pest in poultry facilities, transmitting pathogens such as Salmonella and causing structural damage in poultry operations. Challenges such as insecticide resistance and environmental concerns associated with the widespread use of traditional insecticides underscore the need for sustainable alternatives. This review examines biological and sustainable management strategies for managing the lesser mealworm, including entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria, nematodes, plant essential oils-extracts, pheromones, and diatomaceous earth. These eco-friendly approaches highlight fungi and nematodes for their effectiveness in larval control and essential oils for their insecticidal and repellent properties. The application of pheromones and diatomaceous earth further complements other methods within integrated pest management (IPM) systems. Integrating these biological tools into IPM offers a sustainable and effective solution for reducing A. diaperinus populations, addressing both health and environmental concerns.

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare changes in choroidal thickness (ChT) and choroidal vascular index (CVI) between patients with coronary artery ectasia (CAE) and healthy individuals. Methods: This study included 34 patients with CAE and 40 age-matched healthy subjects with normal coronary arteries. Measurements of ChT and CVI were taken using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, employing the binarization method for CVI calculation. Additional parameters, including central macula thickness (CMT), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and ganglion cell layer (GCC) thickness, were also documented. Results: The results indicated no significant differences in either subfoveal ChT or in ChT at 1500 µm both nasal and temporal to the fovea. However, significant differences were noted in ChT at the 500 µm nasal and temporal areas. The CVI was found to be significantly lower in the CAE group compared to the healthy controls. Furthermore, this study noted a significant difference in GCC thickness between the two groups, while no significant differences were observed in CMT and RNFL measurements. Conclusions: The findings suggest that patients with CAE exhibit decreased ChT and CVI in comparison to healthy controls. This highlights the potential role of ChT and CVI as important markers of disease in coronary artery ectasia, offering valuable insights into systemic cardiovascular health.

The pancreas, previously considered a sterile organ, has recently been shown to harbor its own microbiota that may influence tumor biology and patient outcomes. Despite increasing interest in the impact of the microbiome on cancer, the relationship between pancreatic tissue and oral microbiomes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains limited. In this study, the oral and pancreas tissue microbiomes of patients with PDAC were compared to patients with other periampullary cancers (DC/AC) and a healthy control group using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The results showed a significant reduction in microbial diversity in the saliva of cancer patients compared to healthy controls, while the PDAC patients exhibited a distinct microbial profile in their pancreatic tissues, consisting predominantly of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacter, after filtering the microbiome of the indoor environment. Notably, the presence of oral bacteria such as Anoxybacillus, Clostridium, and Bacillus in pancreatic tissues suggests potential translocation from the oral cavity. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding the role of body fluid and tissue microbiota in pancreatic cancer, proposing that oral dysbiosis may contribute to disease progression. Moreover, the results suggest that the microbiome of the indoor environment in which samples are collected and analyzed is also important in microbiota analysis studies.

Background: Child abuse and neglect bring lots of undesirable consequences for the future of children and societies with it. It is expected that health service providers have sufficient knowledge about that subject in order to determine abuse and neglect. Materials and methods: In this study, a 67-item scale with a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.92 was used. A score of more than 3 on the scale meant that the score was at a sufficient level. The universe of this descriptive study is health professionals working in 512 family health units in Mersin, Türkiye. Interviews were conducted with 97.26% (n = 249) of family physicians and 98.04% (n = 251) of family health workers working in the 256 units included in the sample. Results: Since the overall scale score of the study group was above 3, it (3.77 ± 0.36) was determined that the average score of the participants was sufficient. 46.2% (n = 231) of the group did not receive training on child neglect and abuse during their education, and 45.2% (n = 226) during their work. 95.8% stated that they paid attention to signs of abuse and neglect in children brought for examination and follow-up, while 83.4% stated that they had not encountered any cases in the last year. 42% (n = 210) of the group thought that the relevant authorities would not take the necessary action even if they observed signs of child neglect and abuse, while 37.4% (n = 187) stated that they did not know when and how to report. Conclusions: Although the findings of the study suggest that the group’s level of knowledge is sufficient, it is of great importance to increase their knowledge about reporting processes and to encourage them in this regard.

AbstractMore often than not, Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe is regarded as an iconoclastic text which not only blurs the boundaries between morality and immorality, good and evil, salvation and damnation, by challenging the preconceived ecclesiastical and moral codes, but also foregrounds the undercurrents and conflicting mental forces operating in the disturbed psyche of its eponymous hero. Therefore, during the latter part of the twentieth century, re-examination of Doctor Faustus through a Freudian conceptual framework emerged as a convincing theoretical approach to understand the complexities inherent within the character of Faustus. The paper succinctly tracks the trajectory of this intellectual scholarship, which makes an attempt to interpret the narrative of the Marlovian Doctor Faustus through the lens of Freudian psychoanalysis. Side by side, the paper, by employing close reading as its tool, tries to establish a link between the sublimation of Faustus' repressed sexual desires and his penchant for the art of necromancy, and thus, offers an alternative psychoanalytic interpretation of Doctor Faustus. Furthermore, the paper intends to investigate the importance of Freudian defense mechanisms which Faustus applies time and again to resort to self-delusion and to dilute his claustrophobic situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effect of taxifolin and arabinogalactan premixed with dihydroquercetin (Lavitol V) at different concentrations on the quality changes of trout soup at 4 ± 1°C for 31 days. Shelf life studies included physiochemical, sensory, and microbiological quality measures. The shelf lives of the fish soups were extended for 2–4 and 7–10 days with taxifolin and Lavitol V, respectively, with significant variations (p < 0.05), the longest shelf life corresponding to Lavitol V for 31 days. The highest TBA and TVB-N were obtained for the control as 3.72 mg MA/kg and 11.21 mg/100 g, respectively. Therefore, Lavitol V has a good potential for future applications in seafood preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The absence of precise landmarks in the middle fossa floor and frequent anatomical variations make it difficult to localize the internal acoustic canal (IAC) during the middle fossa approach (MFA). We aimed to investigate the reliability and utility of the neuronavigation system (NNS) in the MFA and to delineate specific technical considerations regarding NNS during the approach. Method One-millimeter-thin section computed tomography scans were performed on five formalin-fixed human cadavers (10 sides). During the MFA, structures, such as the IAC, vestibule and cochlea hidden in the temporal bone were investigated under NNS guidance. Results All the superficial landmarks, such as the foramen spinosum and ovale were correctly localized by NNS. Deeper landmarks, such as the central part of the IAC lying beneath the surface of the petrous apex could not be localized via NNS. The exact area of bone removal along roof of IAC was determined by using the orientation provided by the probe placed between the basal turn of cochlea and the vestibule. We were able to validate the location of the IAC via a medial to lateral drilling by using the navigation this reference point. Conclusion The NNS can be used effectively during the MFA, and localizing superficial landmarks on the middle fossa floor with a higher accuracy may prove helpful in identifying the IAC from above. By referring to the cochlea–vestibule junctional area, the exact location of the trace of the IAC can be revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare changes in choroidal thickness (ChT) and choroidal vascular index (CVI) between patients with coronary artery ectasia (CAE) and healthy individuals. Methods: This study included 34 patients with CAE and 40 age-matched healthy subjects with normal coronary arteries. Measurements of ChT and CVI were taken using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, employing the binarization method for CVI calculation. Additional parameters, including central macula thickness (CMT), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and ganglion cell layer (GCC) thickness, were also documented. Results: The results indicated no significant differences in either subfoveal ChT or in ChT at 1500 µm both nasal and temporal to the fovea. However, significant differences were noted in ChT at the 500 µm nasal and temporal areas. The CVI was found to be significantly lower in the CAE group compared to the healthy controls. Furthermore, this study noted a significant difference in GCC thickness between the two groups, while no significant differences were observed in CMT and RNFL measurements. Conclusions: The findings suggest that patients with CAE exhibit decreased ChT and CVI in comparison to healthy controls. This highlights the potential role of ChT and CVI as important markers of disease in coronary artery ectasia, offering valuable insights into systemic cardiovascular health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on characterizing the microstructure and mechanical properties of AA2050‐T84 alloy produced in two different thicknesses, 20 and 130 mm. A comparative analysis between the two thicknesses aims to understand how the rolling operation for achieving thin plates influences the alloy's microstructure and overall mechanical performance. Microstructural analyses showed a highly anisotropic grain structure and preferred crystallographic orientation in the 20‐mm‐thick plate, causing anisotropic tensile properties. Also, a significant fatigue crack deviation was observed for the 20‐mm‐thick plate during fatigue crack growth tests due to its microstructure. This result was attributed to the microcrack formations perpendicular to the crack growth direction and slip bands at the intermediate ΔK, when the loading was parallel to the rolling direction. The findings from this study offer critical insights into how the rolling operation for achieving thin plates influences the microstructure and overall performance of the alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Polytechnic is the property of Journal of Polytechnic and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: This study aimed to identify the expression profile and prognostic significance of inflammation-associated lncRNAs in chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) and CVH-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (CVH-HCC). Material and Methods: In the first step, lncRNA expression analysis was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using an array panel of 84 inflammation-associated lncRNAs in 48 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples (12 CVH-HCC, 12 peritumoral cirrhotic parenchyma, 12 nontumoral cirrhotic CVH parenchyma, 12 normal liver samples). In the second step, 7 lncRNAs (DLEU2, HOTAIR, LINC00635, LINC00662, RP11-549J18.1, SNHG16 and XIST) were chosen for RT-PCR assay testing in 72 samples (24 CVH-HCC, 24 peritumoral cirrhotic parenchyma, 24 nontumoral cirrhotic CVH parenchyma samples). Results: Fifty-six inflammation-associated lncRNAs were significantly up-regulated in the peritumoral cirrhotic parenchyma compared to the normal liver. Expression of 71 lncRNAs was significantly higher in peritumoral cirrhotic parenchyma compared to cirrhotic CVH parenchyma. DLEU2 and SNHG16 were up-regulated both in the tumor and peritumoral cirrhotic parenchyma compared to cirrhotic CVH parenchyma. Expression of LINC00662 was significantly higher in CVH-HCC than in cirrhotic CVH parenchyma. Expression of XIST was also increased in both tumor and peritumoral parenchyma samples, albeit without statistical significance. No significant association was found between lncRNA expressions and survival. Conclusion: Inflammation-associated lncRNAs DLEU2, SNHG16, LINC00662, and XIST are candidate diagnostic biomarkers in CVH-HCC. More evidence is needed to prove their utility as prognostic markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pancreas, previously considered a sterile organ, has recently been shown to harbor its own microbiota that may influence tumor biology and patient outcomes. Despite increasing interest in the impact of the microbiome on cancer, the relationship between pancreatic tissue and oral microbiomes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains limited. In this study, the oral and pancreas tissue microbiomes of patients with PDAC were compared to patients with other periampullary cancers (DC/AC) and a healthy control group using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The results showed a significant reduction in microbial diversity in the saliva of cancer patients compared to healthy controls, while the PDAC patients exhibited a distinct microbial profile in their pancreatic tissues, consisting predominantly of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacter, after filtering the microbiome of the indoor environment. Notably, the presence of oral bacteria such as Anoxybacillus, Clostridium, and Bacillus in pancreatic tissues suggests potential translocation from the oral cavity. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding the role of body fluid and tissue microbiota in pancreatic cancer, proposing that oral dysbiosis may contribute to disease progression. Moreover, the results suggest that the microbiome of the indoor environment in which samples are collected and analyzed is also important in microbiota analysis studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The clinical relevance of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) subtypes such as HLA-B51 on Behçet's disease (BD)-related uveitis and non-infectious uveitis (NIU) unrelated to BD remains largely unknown. Methods: Data were prospectively collected from the International AIDA Network Registry for BD and for NIU. We assessed differences between groups (NIU unrelated to BD and positive for HLA-B51, BD-related uveitis positive for HLA-B51 and BD-related uveitis negative for HLA-B51) in terms of long-term ocular complications, visual acuity (VA) measured by best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), anatomical pattern, occurrence of retinal vasculitis (RV) and macular edema over time. Results: Records of 213 patients (341 eyes) were analyzed. No differences in complications were observed (p = 0.465). With regard to VA, a significant difference was detected in median BCVA (p = 0.046), which was not maintained after Bonferroni correction (p = 0.060). RV was significantly more prevalent in NIU-affected patients who tested positive for HLA-B51, irrespective of the systemic diagnosis of BD (p = 0.025). No differences emerged in the occurrence of macular edema (p = 0.99). Conclusions: Patients with NIU testing positive for HLA-B51 exhibit an increased likelihood of RV throughout disease course, irrespective of a systemic diagnosis of BD. The rate of complications as well as VA are comparable between NIU cases unrelated to BD testing positive for HLA-B51 and uveitis associated with BD. Therefore, it is advisable to perform the HLA-B typing in patients with NIU or retinal vasculitis, even in the absence of typical BD features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Posterior lumbar fusion (PLF) is becoming increasingly common. One of the most critical aspects of these operations is the management of bleeding and blood products, which is of great importance for anesthetists and surgeons. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between blood transfusion and complications after PLF surgery. The secondary objective was to identify risk factors associated with transfusion. Materials and Methods: The data from the PLF surgeries that were performed over a four-year period at a training and research hospital were subjected to a comprehensive retrospective analysis. A comprehensive examination of the following variables was conducted: age, comorbidities, laboratory values, anti-coagulant use, surgical and anesthetic notes, blood and blood product use, post-operative complications, and length of stay. Results: The study included 497 patients. The mean age of the patients was 60.78 years, the mean body mass index was 28.89, and the mean operation time was 3.63 hours. A total of 30.6% of patients received blood transfusions. Complications occurred in 10.1% of patients, and a higher prevalence was noted among those who received blood transfusions. The most common complication was sepsis. The likelihood of receiving blood transfusions was higher in patients who were older and female, had lower pre-operative hemoglobin (Hb) levels, underwent more fusions, experienced longer operative times, and had surgeries involving the sacral region. Logistic regression analysis identified preoperative low Hb levels, a greater number of fusions, and an extended operation duration as significant risk factors for blood transfusion. Conclusion: A higher incidence of complications was observed among patients undergoing PLF surgery who received blood transfusions. The implementation of improved pre-operative management of haemoglobin levels, along with more effective intraoperative transfusion practices, and reducing post-operative complications will lead to more favorable outcomes.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of the Turkish Society of Cardiology / Türk Kardiyoloji Derneği Arşivi is the property of KARE Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Child abuse and neglect bring lots of undesirable consequences for the future of children and societies with it. It is expected that health service providers have sufficient knowledge about that subject in order to determine abuse and neglect. Materials and methods: In this study, a 67-item scale with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.92 was used. A score of more than 3 on the scale meant that the score was at a sufficient level. The universe of this descriptive study is health professionals working in 512 family health units in Mersin, Türkiye. Interviews were conducted with 97.26% (n = 249) of family physicians and 98.04% (n = 251) of family health workers working in the 256 units included in the sample. Results: Since the overall scale score of the study group was above 3, it (3.77 ± 0.36) was determined that the average score of the participants was sufficient. 46.2% (n = 231) of the group did not receive training on child neglect and abuse during their education, and 45.2% (n = 226) during their work. 95.8% stated that they paid attention to signs of abuse and neglect in children brought for examination and follow-up, while 83.4% stated that they had not encountered any cases in the last year. 42% (n = 210) of the group thought that the relevant authorities would not take the necessary action even if they observed signs of child neglect and abuse, while 37.4% (n = 187) stated that they did not know when and how to report. Conclusions: Although the findings of the study suggest that the group's level of knowledge is sufficient, it is of great importance to increase their knowledge about reporting processes and to encourage them in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]