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Background: H9N2 avian influenza viruses have been circulating in Bangladesh since 2006, affecting multiple avian species and resulting in economic losses. The recent emergence of tribasic strains, along with co-infections, has increased the risk to poultry health. Therefore, the study aimed to compare the immune responses of Sonali (crossbred) and commercial broiler chickens infected with tribasic H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus. Methods: Following H9N2 infection, proinflammatory (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α) and antiviral (IFN-β and IFN-γ) cytokine expressions were observed in the trachea, lungs, intestine, and lymphoid tissues in Sonali and broiler chickens from 1 day post infection (dpi) to 10 dpi by qPCR. Results: Sonali chickens exhibited significantly higher proinflammatory and antiviral cytokine expressions in the trachea at 3–7 days post infection (dpi), while broiler chickens showed lower immune responses. Broiler chickens displayed prolonged IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β expression in lungs at 3–10 dpi compared to Sonali chickens. In the intestine, broiler chickens showed higher IL-6 and IL-8 expression that peaks at 1–3 dpi, while in Sonali chickens only IL-1β elevated at 10 dpi. In response to the H9N2 viruses, broiler chickens exhibited a stronger early IFN-β responses and a delayed IFN-γ responses in their lymphoid organs compared to Sonali chickens. Conclusion: This suggests distinct immune profiles between the chicken types in response to the H9N2 infection. The information sheds light on the function of innate immunity in the pathophysiology of currently circulating tribasic H9N2 virus and could assist in effective controlling of avian influenza virus spread in poultry and designing vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses the rational Sine-Gordon expansion (RSGE) method to investigate the dynamical behavior of traveling wave solutions of the water wave phenomena for the time-fractional phi-four equation and the (2 + 1) dimensional Calogero-Bogoyavlanskil schilf (CBS) equation based on the conformable derivative. The technique uses the sine-Gordon equation as an auxiliary equation to generalize the well-known sine-Gordon expansion. It adopts a more broad strategy, a rational function rather than a polynomial one, of the solutions of the auxiliary equation, in contrast to the traditional sine-Gordon expansion technique. Several explanations for hyperbolic functions may be produced using the previously stated approach. The approach mentioned above is employed to provide diverse solutions of the time-fractional phi-four equation and the (2 + 1) dimensional CBS equations involving hyperbolic functions, such as soliton, single soliton, multiple-soliton, kink, cusp, lump-kink, kink double-soliton, and others. The RSGE approach enhances our comprehension of nonlinear processes, offers precise solutions to nonlinear equations, facilitates the investigation of solitons, propels the development of mathematical tools, and is applicable in many scientific and technical fields. The solutions are graphically shown in three-dimensional (3D) surface and contour plots using MATLAB software. All screens display the absolute wave configurations in the resolutions of the equation with the proper parameters. Furthermore, it can be deduced that the physical properties of the found solutions and their characteristics may help us comprehend how shallow water waves move in nonlinear dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determines the prevailing concentrations of 222Rn in twenty groundwater samples and primordial radionuclides in twelve soil samples collected from the surrounding area of the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant (RNPP) in Bangladesh. The mean concentration of 222Rn, 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the studied samples was found to be 4.42 ± 2 Bq/L (Water), 25.2 ± 5.3, 23.9 ± 6.3 and 317.1 ± 31.4 Bq kg−1 (Soil) respectively. Associated health hazards were estimated and compared with the respective safety limits recommended by international organizations. The present results may serve as the base values of naturally occurring radioactive materials in the vicinity of the RNPP in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]