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Objective: To determine the role of postoperative antibiotics in patients who had bile and stone spillage during laparoscopic cholecystectomy in terms of rate of postoperative surgical site infection and readmission. Study Design: Quasi experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Surgical Department of Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Apr to Sep 2022. Methodology: A total of 166 patients fulfilling the selection criteria were enrolled after taking written informed consent and were divided into two groups i.e. 83 each by odd and even number. Patients in Group-A received postoperative antibiotics and in Group-B did not have antibiotics and the outcome measures were assessed while the patients remained admitted and then weekly until day 30th. Results: The mean age in the Groups A versus B was 41.27±7.05 versus 41.31±6.14 years and mean duration of hospital stay was 2.48±0.95 versus 2.59±0.81 days, respectively. In Group-A versus B, postoperative infections were present in 2(2.4%) versus 3(3.6%) (p=0.650), surgical site infection in 14(16.9%) versus 11(13.3%) (p=0.515) and readmission occurred in 8(10%) versus 6(7.2%) patients (p=0.576), respectively. Conclusion: The rate of surgical site infections, rate of readmission and DOH stay was not significantly different between patients who received postoperative antibiotics compared to those who did not after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Wildlife markets are hotspots for illegal wildlife trade, with traders operating as a result of weak monitoring and law enforcement. Knowledge of species traded, sources, and routes used for transport is needed to identify illegal wildlife trade markets and intervene to stem trade. We conducted surveys in 13 wildlife markets across Bangladesh every month during January-December 2019 to assess the abundance and diversity of wildlife taxa traded and the factors driving this trade. Passeriformes, Columbiformes, Psittaciformes, Artiodactyla, Carnivora and Testudines were the most traded orders. Wildlife markets were also centres of trade for high-value species, including the tiger Panthera tigris , crocodile Crocodylus porosus and tortoises. In hill markets and peri-urban markets the most commonly sold species originated from nearby forests, whereas urban markets included both native species and exotic species sourced internationally. Market type, road links to the market, the presence of law enforcement agencies, proximity to a port and form of sale (live animals or byproducts) all significantly influenced what is being traded. Trade of mammals, reptiles, high-value wildlife species and threatened species was less common in markets proximal to law enforcement agencies. Markets close to seaports or airports were more likely to sell mammals, threatened species and high-value wildlife. Based on our results, we recommend a set of interventions to help reduce market-based wildlife trade in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]