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The transmission of pathogens from animals to humans is the cause of the appearance of the majority of newly emerging diseases. The purpose of this review is to assess the danger of zoonotic pathogens of dangerous and especially dangerous viral infectious diseases as potential agents of pandemics. Materials and methods. The paper presents an analysis of data published in domestic and English-language scientific publications, as well as posted on the Internet. The research method is analytical. The discussion of the results. At least 70 % of all emerging diseases have a zoonotic reservoir. The exponential growth of human activity in previously undeveloped territories determines the increasing influence of zoonotic pathogens. The infection of people with zoonotic pathogens occurs in direct and indirect contact with infected animals and surfaces contaminated with their secretions, transmissible transmission through arthropod bites, food transport through the consumption of contaminated food and drinking water. Two different transmission models have been established among zoonoses from wild animals to man. One of these models assumes, that human infection is a random event with a low probability, in the future, the pathogen is transmitted from person to person. In the second model, direct or vector-mediated pathogen transfer from animal to human is a link in the natural cycle of the pathogen. The risk of transmission of the virus from the zoonotic reservoir to humans is the highest in animal species adapted to human habitats. Conclusions. The highest level of danger as a source of zoonotic diseases represent primates, ungulates, carnivores and especially bats, which are natural reservoirs for a number of dangerous and especially dangerous viral diseases. Representatives of families Poxviridae, Ortomyxoviridae and Coronaviridae have already been caused pandemics, which caused enormous damage to all spheres of human activity. These pathogens can be considered as the most likely agents of future pandemics.

The analysis of existing information about invasion of COVID-19 in Russia shows that that one of leading reason of existing of new rises of covid-19 morbidity is distribution of new genovariants of SARS-CoV-2 virus. The omicron genovariant of SARS-CoV-2 virus was a dominant agent of fifth and subsequent rises of COVID-19 morbidity in Russia. The aim of this work – the estimation of sublines of omicron genovariant of SARS-CoV-2 virus as potential dominant agents of new rises of COVID-19 morbidity in Russia. The source base of the study. Data published in Russian and English-language scientific publications available via the Internet (RSCI, PubMed, Google Scholar). The research method is analytical. Results. The basic properties of omicron genovariant of SARS-CoV-2 virus, epidemical characteristics of the rises of COVID-19 morbidity in Russia, caused by new sublines of omicron variant, estimation ofsublines of omicron genovariant as potential dominant agent of new rises of COVID-19 morbidity in Russia are viewed. It is shown that basic direction of SARS-CoV-2 virus evolution is existing of sublines of omicron genovariant, which are characterized by increased transmissivity but with less severity of the disease caused compared to previously circulated variants of COVID-19agent. The main distinguishing feature of the new subvariants («Kraken», «Czerber», «Centaur», «Arktur», «Pirola») are multiple amino acid exchanges in structural glycoprotein S. The maximum level of variability of this structural protein compared to the original variant of SARS-CoV-2 virus is marked for Pirola subvariant. Onle Kraken subvariant was dominant agent of rise of COVID-19 morbidity in Russia. Conclusion. New rises of COVID-19 morbidity in Russia will not be connected with existing of new subvariants of omicron genovariant, but only with season factor.

After the abolition of the mandatory smallpox vaccination, the humanity lost the immunity not only to smallpox, but also to infections caused by pathogens of this family (Orthopoxvirus): monkeypox, cowpox, buffalo pox, camelpox. Since the camelpox and African gerbil viruses are the closest to the variola virus (genomic homology is 97%) in phylogenetic and genetic terms, it cannot be ruled out that a mutation in a small fragment of the genome of one of these viruses will lead to the replacement of a relatively safe virus with an epidemically dangerous pathogen. The purpose of is article is to summarize materials on the study of camelpox virus. The sources for this research is scientific articles and other English-language literature available via the Internet. The research method is an analysis of scientific sources on camelpox from the general to the specific. The authors considered the epizootic danger of the virus, its virulence for humans, phylogenetic relationship with other orthopoxviruses, means of specific prevention and treatment of camel pox in camels. The discussion and the results. The causative agent of camelpox causes a nodular-pastular rash on the skin and mucous membranes in Camelus dromedaries and Camelus bactrianus. The disease is contagious, and its epizootics lead to significant economic damage. From December 2008 to May 2009, several laboratory-confirmed cases of camelpox in humans were reported in India, Somalia and eastern Sudan. Nowadays for the identification of the camelpox virus, a RT-PCR test system with primers for the C18L gene is usually offered, which detects only this virus. The established host range of the virus is limited to one animal - the camel. To treat sick camels, chemotherapy drugs are used: cidofovir and tocoverimate (ST-246). For immunoprophylaxis, live and inactivated vaccines are used. The conclusion. Camelpox virus poses a risk to humans in regions where people raise camels and are in close contact with them. The immunodeficient populations of people may serve as an additional «window» for the penetration of this virus into human society. The genetic variability of the virus and the plasticity of its genome make it possible to obtain virus strains with altered properties. Synthetic biology methods create a risk, through small substitutions in the genome of the virus, of turning it into an epidemic danger for humans. Constant monitoring of this disease is necessary, since there is a danger of the transmission of camelpox from Kazakhstan to areas bordering the Russian Federation.