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The control of interleaved converters is commonly implemented through pulsewith modulation (PWM) techniques. A common element in these implementations is the use of phase shift between carriers to improve the system performance. When working with a balanced system, this phase shift is equally distributed between modules, but for an unbalanced system, this is no longer the best alternative. Changing the phase shift in these controllers requires the implementation of new capabilities in the control platforms, and for the controller to manage more variables of different nature. On the other hand, finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) has shown to be a promising control strategy, especially when managing multiple control objectives of different natures or dynamics. In general, FCS-MPC does not present a fixed switching pattern, but this issue has been recently addressed with the so called period control approach (PCA). This article expands on the PCA-FCS-MPC to achieve the switching phase regulation for interleaved dc/dc power converters. A switching pattern similar to that of PWM techniques is achieved, while keeping the advantages of FCS-MPC and achieving the phase shift required for interleaved operation. Simulation and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Multilevel cascaded H-bridge (CHB) converters are usually operated applying a phase-shifted pulsewidth modulation (PS-PWM) method. In this modulation strategy, it is important to define the sampling instants in order to obtain a superior harmonic performance in the CHB output waveforms. Previous approaches to define the PS-PWM method consider a shorter sampling time, becoming even smaller when the number of cells of the CHB is large. In addition, unbalanced operational conditions in the CHB aggravate this issue also degrading the CHB harmonic performance. In this article, both challenges (small sampling time and unbalanced operational conditions) are faced. A feed-forward compensation technique is proposed to face with the unbalanced operating conditions and enlarging the available computational time for control schemes keeping the good CHB harmonic performance. Experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed strategy.

The capacitor voltage fluctuation suppression is essential for the reliable and safe operation of the modular multilevel converter (MMC). This article proposes a shared capacitor (SC) based MMC with suppressed capacitor voltage fluctuation, where the SC in each submodule is utilized as the power channel for three phases of the MMC. A multivariate sorting-based voltage balancing control (MVS-VBC) strategy for the SC-MMC is also proposed, which can balance the SC voltages based on the sorting of arm currents and SC voltages. The proposed SC-MMC can effectively suppress the capacitor voltage fluctuation, and accordingly improves the reliability of the SC-MMC. Simulation studies with MATLAB/Simulink are conducted and a down-scale SC-MMC prototype is also built in the laboratory. The results both confirm the effectiveness of the proposed SC-MMC, MVS-VBC strategy, and the capacitor voltage fluctuation suppression effects.

For a modular multilevel converter (MMC) operating in the medium-voltage range, carrier-based pulsewidth modulation (PWM) methods are good options for modulating the converter, as harmonic contents of the phase voltage/current can be centered around the carrier frequency and/or its multiples. However, in the relevant literature, arm voltage references are mostly normalized by the submodule (SM) capacitor voltage reference, leading to the so-called direct modulation, while the indirect modulation considering the capacitor voltage ripples receives much less attention. This article investigates the indirect modulation of MMCs, focusing on a specific PWM method where only two SMs per phase operate in PWM mode in each control period. It is found that the direct PWM (DiPWM) generates phase voltages/currents that contain high-amplitude low-order harmonics, while the indirect PWM (IndiPWM) presents well-suppressed low-order harmonics but significant distortions around the carrier frequency. The cause of the above problem of the IndiPWM is revealed theoretically through Fourier analysis, and a solution with simple implementation is developed by rearranging the switching pulses of the PWM-mode SMs. Both simulations and experiments are carried out. The results show that the proposed method combines the advantages of both DiPWM and IndiPWM, achieving low harmonic distortions simultaneously in the low frequency and around the carrier frequency.

Successful application of finite control set model predictive control strategies with long prediction horizon depends on the careful design of the optimization algorithm. The conventional method involves transforming the problem to an equivalent box-constrained integer least-squares formulation that can be solved with branch-and-bound techniques, such as the sphere decoding algorithm (SDA). In this work, it is proposed to define an artificial neural network (ANN) to replace the SDA, avoiding its inherent computational variability. Similarly to practical applications of the SDA, the ANN finds an approximate solution of the underlying optimization problem. In contrast, the main benefit of the proposed approach is that it can be implemented in a low-cost microprocessing platform, greatly improving the performance in terms of resources in comparison with other advanced techniques proposed in the literature.

Semiconductors in power converters are operated in switched-mode. For a given sampling frequency, a digital controller computes the next actuation according to several objectives. Typically one desires to regulate current or voltage values with minimal error and harmonic distortion. Higher switching frequency of the semiconductor is helpful as the granularity of the problem is improved and the harmonic spectrum is shifted toward high-order harmonics that are easier to filter with passive elements. However, the switching losses increase. Finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) is proven to be an excellent control method with a great ability to maximize harmonic quality in terms of the switching frequency, particularly when the controller is configured to consider long prediction horizons. Nonetheless, in order to avoid computational overruns, the prediction horizon and the sampling frequency cannot be indefinitely increased. In this article, the tradeoff between these two parameters is studied, providing guidelines on FCS-MPC tuning for different configurations.