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Living labs have emerged as a long-term, collaborative approach to addressing complex societal challenges, such as sustainable land and water management and climate change adaption. While these transdisciplinary environments foster continuous knowledge exchange and interactions among actors from diverse disciplines and sectors, the role of learning in realizing the impacts of living labs on participating actors and broader society is often underexplored. This paper aims to identify and analyze learning that occurs within a sequence of co-creative activities and their resulting outcomes, using the concept of ‘learning pathways’. The ‘living lab learning framework’ provides a systematic approach to organizing and categorizing living lab activities, enabling to infer learning pathways. An ex-post analysis of an empirical case study on a climate adaptation project, KLIMAP, resulted in seven distinct learning pathways: 1) harnessing collective integrated knowledge, 2) building collaborative networks, 3) enhancing stakeholder capacity, 4) adapting and contextualizing knowledge, 5) diffusing knowledge, 6) facilitating co-creation, and 7) reflecting on learning. These pathways were developed by examining the types of learning activities, their processes, and the entities involved, linking them to the outcomes achieved. The findings highlight that learning pathways contribute to identifying outcomes and broader impacts of living labs.

Background: Many patients with advanced cancer are unaware of their limited prognosis, however little is known about the change in awareness during the last year of their lives. Aim: To investigate changes in the perception of prognosis in the last year of life of patients with advanced cancer and its associated factors. Design: Prospective, longitudinal, multicentre, observational study in patients with advanced cancer (eQuiPe). Patients completed 3-monthly follow-up questionnaires until death. Setting/participants: Adult patients diagnosed with advanced cancer were recruited by their treating physician or self-enrolled in one of the forty Dutch hospitals. Only deceased patients with available prognostic data were included for analysis (n = 801). Results: Perception of prognosis changes in the last year of life with an increase in the percentage of patients who are aware of their limited prognosis (from 15% to 40%). Especially in the last 6 months of life, most of the changes were towards a more realistic perception of prognosis. Patients who did not want to know their prognosis remained relatively stable in their wish not to know (range: 14%–18%). Time to death was associated with having a perception of prognosis of < 1 year, >1 year or not knowing the prognosis, but was not associated with not wanting to know the prognosis. Conclusion: Becoming aware of their limited prognosis may make patients with advanced cancer more receptive to start end-of-life discussions. Although some patients prefer not to know their prognosis, it remains important to respectfully explore their preferences and wishes for end-of-life care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent improvements in soil moisture mapping using satellites provide estimates at higher spatial and temporal resolutions. The accuracy in alpine regions is, however, still not well understood. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of the experimental ASCAT-DIREX soil moisture product in a small alpine catchment and to identify factors that control the soil moisture agreement between the satellite estimates and in situ observations in open and forest sites. The analysis is carried out in the experimental mountain catchment of Jalovecký Creek, situated in the Western Tatra Mountains (Slovakia). The satellite soil moisture estimates are derived by merging the ASCAT and Sentinel-1 retrievals (the ASCAT-DIREX dataset), providing relative daily soil moisture estimates at 500 m spatial resolution in the period 2012–2019. The soil water estimates represent four characteristic timescales of 1, 2, 5, and 10 days, which are compared with in situ topsoil moisture observations. The results show that the correlation between satellite-derived and in situ soil moisture is larger at the open site and for larger characteristic timescales (10 days). The correlations have a strong seasonal pattern, showing low (negative) correlations in winter and spring and larger (more than 0.5) correlations in summer and autumn. The main reason for low correlations in winter and spring is insufficient masking of the snowpack. Using local snow data masks and soil moisture retrieval in the period December–March, improves the soil moisture agreement in April was improved from negative correlations to 0.68 at the open site and 0.92 at the forest site. Low soil moisture correlations in the summer months may also be due to small-scale precipitation variability and vegetation dynamics mapping, which result in satellite soil moisture overestimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]