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Abiotic stress refers to the diverse range of environmental challenges that plants encounter. Environmental stressors such as salt, temperature, nutritional deprivation, and heavy metal toxicity can lead to problems in the functioning of seedling adaption systems. Furthermore, they can hinder the formation of plumules and radicles in seedlings, as well as their subsequent development and growth, both of which can lead to reduced crop production. Soil salinity poses a significant challenge to global food supply since salt stress dominates as a primary determinant constraining agricultural productivity. By the year 2050, it is projected that drought stress will result in a 50% reduction in global productivity. Multiple methodologies, including biotechnological approaches, conventional breeding methods, conservative breeding, agronomical approaches, and priming techniques, have shown effectiveness in reducing the negative impacts of abiotic stress and adapting to its severe conditions. The use of seed priming treatments regulates the production of antioxidants and promotes the accumulation of osmolytes to mitigate the negative consequences of various abiotic stress responses. When subjected to abiotic stress, crop plants cultivated from primed seeds respond rapidly at the cellular level. The major emphasis of this review is on the impact of abiotic stress on plant physiology and productivity, strategies for its management, and possible solutions. Furthermore, it explores several methods of priming, namely bio priming with PGPR, a biological technique that entails the introduction of bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abiotic stresses, especially drought stress and salt stress in crop plants are accelerating due to climate change. The combined impact of drought and salt is anticipated to lead to the loss of up to 50% of arable land globally, resulting in diminished growth and substantial yield losses threatening food security. Addressing the challenges, agriculture through sustainable practices emerges as a potential solution to achieve Zero Hunger, one of the sustainable development goals set by the IUCN. Plants deploy a myriad of mechanisms to effectively address drought and salt stress with phytohormones playing pivotal roles as crucial signaling molecules for stress tolerance. The phytohormone auxin, particularly indole acetic acid (IAA) emerges as a paramount regulator integral to numerous aspects of plant growth and development. During both drought and salt stress conditions, auxin plays crucial roles for tolerance, but stress-induced processes lead to decreased levels of endogenous free auxin in the plant, leading to an urgent need for auxin production. With an aim to augment this auxin deficiency, several researchers have extensively investigated auxin production, particularly IAA by plant-associated microorganisms, including endophytic bacteria. These endophytic bacteria have been introduced into various crop plants subjected to drought or salt stress and potential isolates promoting plant growth have been identified. However, post-identification, essential studies on translational research to advance these potential isolates from the laboratory to the field are lacking. This review aims to offer an overview of stress tolerant auxin-producing endophytic bacterial isolates while identifying research gaps that need to be fulfilled to utilize this knowledge for the formulation of crop-specific and stressspecific endophyte bioinoculants for the plant to cope with auxin imbalance occurring during these stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How plants sense their orientation in relation to gravity and steer their root and shoot growth accordingly is not fully understood. The discovery of key steps needed for this process fills in some of the gaps in our knowledge.LAZY proteins hitchhike when roots reorient relative to gravity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seasonal timing of life history transitions is often critical to fitness, and many organisms rely upon environmental cues to match life cycle events with favorable conditions. In plants, the timing of seed germination is mediated by seasonal cues such as rainfall and temperature. Variation in cue responses among species can reflect evolutionary processes and adaptation to local climate and can affect vulnerability to changing conditions. Indeed, climate change is altering the timing of precipitation, and germination responses to such change can have consequences for individual fitness, population dynamics, and species distributions. Here, we assessed responses to the seasonal timing of germination-triggering rains for eleven species spanning the Streptanthus/Caulanthus clade (Brassicaceae). To do so, we experimentally manipulated the onset date of rainfall events, measured effects on germination fraction, and evaluated whether responses were constrained by evolutionary relationships across the phylogeny. We then explored the possible consequences of these responses to contemporary shifts in precipitation timing. Germination fractions decreased with later onset of rains and cooler temperatures for all but three Caulanthus species. Species' germination responses to the timing of rainfall and seasonal temperatures were phylogenetically constrained, with Caulanthus species appearing less responsive. Further, four species are likely already experiencing significant decreases in germination fractions with observed climate change, which has shifted the timing of rainfall towards the cooler, winter months in California. Overall, our findings emphasize the sensitivity of germination to seasonal conditions, underscore the importance of interacting environmental cues, and highlight vulnerability to shifting precipitation patterns with climate change, particularly in more northern, mesic species., (© 2024 The Ecological Society of America.)

In many oceanic regions, anthropogenic warming will coincide with iron (Fe) limitation. Interactive effects between warming and Fe limitation on phytoplankton physiology and biochemical function are likely, as temperature and Fe availability affect many of the same essential cellular pathways. However, we lack a clear understanding of how globally significant phytoplankton such as the picocyanobacteria Synechococcus will respond to these co-occurring stressors, and what underlying molecular mechanisms will drive this response. Moreover, ecotype-specific adaptations can lead to nuanced differences in responses between strains. In this study, Synechococcus isolates YX04-1 (oceanic) and XM-24 (coastal) from the South China Sea were acclimated to Fe limitation at two temperatures, and their physiological and proteomic responses were compared. Both strains exhibited reduced growth due to warming and Fe limitation. However, coastal XM-24 maintained relatively higher growth rates in response to warming under replete Fe, while its growth was notably more compromised under Fe limitation at both temperatures compared with YX04-1. In response to concurrent heat and Fe stress, oceanic YX04-1 was better able to adjust its photosynthetic proteins and minimize the generation of reactive oxygen species while reducing proteome Fe demand. Its intricate proteomic response likely enabled oceanic YX04-1 to mitigate some of the negative impact of warming on its growth during Fe limitation. Our study highlights how ecologically-shaped adaptations in Synechococcus strains even from proximate oceanic regions can lead to differing physiological and proteomic responses to these climate stressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

يحتوي المستخلص المائي لنبات Salix spp على العديد من المركبات التي قد تعمل كعوامل تعزيز الجذور في العقل. alba . هي شجرة متساقطة الأوراق، والمواد الكيميائية النباتية والهرمونات في الأشجار المتساقطة تختلف على مدار العام، لذلك في هذه الدراسة تم جمع الأفروع alba .. بعمر سنة وسنتين في الخامس عشر من كل شهر في عام 2022، واستخلاصها في 2% إيثانول بمعدل 9 جم التر ووضعها في حمام مائي بدرجة حرارة 35، ثم مستخدم الى الافلام التوت العليق الأشوكي لمدة 1.5 ساعة. أوضحت النتائج أن أعلى نسبة تجذير (66.66%) تم الحصول عليها في العقل المغمورة بمستخلص الافروع الصفصاف المجمعة بموعد 15 كانون الثاني لم تختلف معنوياً عن العقل المقارنة، لكنها كانت مختلفة عن العقل المغمورة في مستخلص الأفروع الصفصاف والتي تم جمعها في 15 أب وتشرين الأول بنسبة (33.33%). كانت غالبية سمات الخضرى والجذرى الأخرى عالية في العقل المغمورة في مستخلص الافروع الصفصاف التي تم جمعها في 15 ديسمبر. تحتوي الأفروع الصفصاف التي تم جمعها في 15 كانون الثاني على أقل إجمالي للفينولات (51.4) ميكروجرام / مل) وإجمالي الفلافونويدات (29.07) ميكروجرام / مل). علاوة على ذلك، تم تسجيل أعلى إجمالي للفينولات (57) ميكروجرام مل 492.61 ميكروجرام (مل)، و 365.17 ميكروجرام / مل) في الافروع الصفصاف التي تم جمعها في 15 ايار، وكان إجمالي مركبات الفلافونويد أعلى مستوى 44.96) ميكروجرام / مل) في الافروع الصفصاف التي تم جمعها في 15 نيسان بشكل عام، بناء على نسبة التجذير، ينصح بجمع لافروع الصفصاف في 15 كانون الثاني وشباط لاستخراجها وتطبيقها على. الافلام التوت العليق الشوكي [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytohormones, pivotal regulators of plant growth and development, are increasingly recognized for their multifaceted roles in enhancing crop resilience against environmental stresses. In this review, we provide a comprehensive synthesis of current research on utilizing phytohormones to enhance crop productivity and fortify their defence mechanisms. Initially, we introduce the significance of phytohormones in orchestrating plant growth, followed by their potential utilization in bolstering crop defences against diverse environmental stressors. Our focus then shifts to an in-depth exploration of phytohormones and their pivotal roles in mediating plant defence responses against biotic stressors, particularly insect pests. Furthermore, we highlight the potential impact of phytohormones on agricultural production while underscoring the existing research gaps and limitations hindering their widespread implementation in agricultural practices. Despite the accumulating body of research in this field, the integration of phytohormones into agriculture remains limited. To address this discrepancy, we propose a comprehensive framework for investigating the intricate interplay between phytohormones and sustainable agriculture. This framework advocates for the adoption of novel technologies and methodologies to facilitate the effective deployment of phytohormones in agricultural settings and also emphasizes the need to address existing research limitations through rigorous field studies. By outlining a roadmap for advancing the utilization of phytohormones in agriculture, this review aims to catalyse transformative changes in agricultural practices, fostering sustainability and resilience in agricultural settings., (© 2024 The Authors. Physiologia Plantarum published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society.)

Plants exposed to incidences of excessive temperatures activate heat-stress responses to cope with the physiological challenge and stimulate long-term acclimation 1,2 . The mechanism that senses cellular temperature for inducing thermotolerance is still unclear 3 . Here we show that TWA1 is a temperature-sensing transcriptional co-regulator that is needed for basal and acquired thermotolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. At elevated temperatures, TWA1 changes its conformation and allows physical interaction with JASMONATE-ASSOCIATED MYC-LIKE (JAM) transcription factors and TOPLESS (TPL) and TOPLESS-RELATED (TPR) proteins for repressor complex assembly. TWA1 is a predicted intrinsically disordered protein that has a key thermosensory role functioning through an amino-terminal highly variable region. At elevated temperatures, TWA1 accumulates in nuclear subdomains, and physical interactions with JAM2 and TPL appear to be restricted to these nuclear subdomains. The transcriptional upregulation of the heat shock transcription factor A2 (HSFA2) and heat shock proteins depended on TWA1, and TWA1 orthologues provided different temperature thresholds, consistent with the sensor function in early signalling of heat stress. The identification of the plant thermosensors offers a molecular tool for adjusting thermal acclimation responses of crops by breeding and biotechnology, and a sensitive temperature switch for thermogenetics., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

This transition from gathering to cultivation is a significant aspect of studying early agricultural practices. Fruit trees are an essential component of food resources and have played a vital role in both ancient and modern agricultural production systems. The jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), with its long history of cultivation in northern China, holds great importance in uncovering the diet of prehistoric humans and understanding the origins of Chinese agricultural civilization. This paper focuses on the domestication of jujube by analyzing the morphology of jujube stones found in three Neolithic sites in northern China's Qi River basin, Zhujia, Wangzhuang, and Dalaidian. The measurements of these jujube kernels are compared with those found in other areas of northern China, as well as modern jujube kernels that were collected. The measurements revealed that the length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio of sour jujube kernels ranged from 1.36 to 1.78, whereas the L/D ratio of cultivated jujube stones varied between 1.96 and 4.23. Furthermore, jujube stones obtained from Zhujia and Wangzhuang sites exhibit pointed ends and possess an elongated oval or narrow oval shape overall, which is indicative of clearly artificial domestication traits. Therefore, this study suggests that jujube was selected and cultivated as an important food supplement in the Qi River basin no later than around 6200 BP., (© 2024. The Author(s).)